diff --git a/spring-boot-project/spring-boot-autoconfigure/src/main/java/org/springframework/boot/autoconfigure/condition/OnClassCondition.java b/spring-boot-project/spring-boot-autoconfigure/src/main/java/org/springframework/boot/autoconfigure/condition/OnClassCondition.java
index 9841bf802e..d6c596e684 100644
--- a/spring-boot-project/spring-boot-autoconfigure/src/main/java/org/springframework/boot/autoconfigure/condition/OnClassCondition.java
+++ b/spring-boot-project/spring-boot-autoconfigure/src/main/java/org/springframework/boot/autoconfigure/condition/OnClassCondition.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2012-2023 the original author or authors.
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 the original author or authors.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import org.springframework.core.Ordered;
 import org.springframework.core.annotation.Order;
 import org.springframework.core.type.AnnotatedTypeMetadata;
 import org.springframework.util.MultiValueMap;
+import org.springframework.util.ReflectionUtils;
 import org.springframework.util.StringUtils;
 
 /**
@@ -142,8 +143,17 @@ class OnClassCondition extends FilteringSpringBootCondition {
 
 		private volatile ConditionOutcome[] outcomes;
 
+		private volatile Throwable failure;
+
 		private ThreadedOutcomesResolver(OutcomesResolver outcomesResolver) {
-			this.thread = new Thread(() -> this.outcomes = outcomesResolver.resolveOutcomes());
+			this.thread = new Thread(() -> {
+				try {
+					this.outcomes = outcomesResolver.resolveOutcomes();
+				}
+				catch (Throwable ex) {
+					this.failure = ex;
+				}
+			});
 			this.thread.start();
 		}
 
@@ -155,6 +165,9 @@ class OnClassCondition extends FilteringSpringBootCondition {
 			catch (InterruptedException ex) {
 				Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
 			}
+			if (this.failure != null) {
+				ReflectionUtils.rethrowRuntimeException(this.failure);
+			}
 			return this.outcomes;
 		}