diff --git a/spring-cloud.html b/spring-cloud.html index 3f8e3f0..7bfa2c1 100644 --- a/spring-cloud.html +++ b/spring-cloud.html @@ -7,9 +7,409 @@ Spring Cloud - + - +

Spring Cloud Config

-
-

Spring Cloud Config provides server and client-side support for externalized configuration in a distributed system. With the Config Server you have a central place to manage external properties for applications across all environments. The concepts on both client and server map identically to the Spring Environment and PropertySource abstractions, so they fit very well with Spring applications, but can be used with any application running in any language. As an application moves through the deployment pipeline from dev to test and into production you can manage the configuration between those environments and be certain that applications have everything they need to run when they migrate. The default implementation of the server storage backend uses git so it easily supports labelled versions of configuration environments, as well as being accessible to a wide range of tooling for managing the content. It is easy to add alternative implementations and plug them in with Spring configuration.

+
+
+Spring Cloud Config provides server and client-side support for externalized configuration in a distributed system. With the Config Server you have a central place to manage external properties for applications across all environments. The concepts on both client and server map identically to the Spring Environment and PropertySource abstractions, so they fit very well with Spring applications, but can be used with any application running in any language. As an application moves through the deployment pipeline from dev to test and into production you can manage the configuration between those environments and be certain that applications have everything they need to run when they migrate. The default implementation of the server storage backend uses git so it easily supports labelled versions of configuration environments, as well as being accessible to a wide range of tooling for managing the content. It is easy to add alternative implementations and plug them in with Spring configuration. +

Quick Start

@@ -164,9 +584,84 @@ list of properties), and "label" is an optional git label (defaults to

Client Side Usage

To use these features in an application, just build it as a Spring -Boot application that depends on spring-cloud-config-client -(e.g. see the test cases for the config-client, or the sample app). -When it runs it will pick up the external configuration from the +Boot application that depends on spring-cloud-config-client (e.g. see +the test cases for the config-client, or the sample app). The most +convenient way to add the dependency is via a Spring Boot starter +org.springframework.cloud:spring-cloud-starter. There is also a +parent pom and BOM (spring-cloud-starters) for Maven users and a +Spring IO version management properties file for Gradle and Spring CLI +users. Example Maven configuration:

+
+
+
pom.xml
+
+
<parent>
+    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
+    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
+    <version>1.1.7.RELEASE</version>
+    <relativePath /> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
+</parent>
+
+<dependencyManagement>
+    <dependencies>
+        <dependency>
+            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
+            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starters</artifactId>
+            <version>1.0.0.BUILD-SNAPSHOT</version>
+            <type>pom</type>
+            <scope>import</scope>
+        </dependency>
+    </dependencies>
+</dependencyManagement>
+
+<dependencies>
+    <dependency>
+        <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
+        <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter</artifactId>
+    </dependency>
+    <dependency>
+        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
+        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
+        <scope>test</scope>
+    </dependency>
+</dependencies>
+
+<build>
+    <plugins>
+        <plugin>
+            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
+            <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
+        </plugin>
+    </plugins>
+</build>
+
+<!-- repositories also needed for snapshots and milestones -->
+
+
+
+

Then you can create a standard Spring Boot application, like this simple HTTP server:

+
+
+
+
@Configuration
+@EnableAutoConfiguration
+@RestController
+public class Application {
+
+    @RequestMapping("/")
+    public String home() {
+        return "Hello World!";
+    }
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args);
+    }
+
+}
+
+
+
+

When it runs it will pick up the external configuration from the default local config server on port 8888 if it is running. To modify the startup behaviour you can change the location of the config server using bootstrap.properties (like application.properties but for @@ -174,7 +669,7 @@ the bootstrap phase of an application context), e.g.

-
spring.platform.config.uri: http://myconfigserver.com
+
spring.cloud.config.uri: http://myconfigserver.com
@@ -199,58 +694,335 @@ repository>/<file name>" contains the property "foo" with value "bar" and is highest priority).

+
+ +
+

Spring Cloud Config Server

+
+
+

The Server provides an HTTP, resource-based API for external +configuration (name-value pairs, or equivalent YAML content). The +server is easily embeddable in a Spring Boot application using the +@EnableConfigServer annotation.

+
-

Sample Application

+

Encryption and Decryption

-

There is a sample application -here. It -is a Spring Boot application so you can run it using the usual -mechanisms (for instance "mvn spring-boot:run"). When it runs it will -look for the config server on "http://localhost:8888" by default, so -you could run the server as well to see it all working together.

+

The server exposes /encrypt and /decrypt endpoints (on the +assumption that these will be secured and only accessed by authorized +agents). If the remote property sources contain encryted content +(values starting with {cipher}) they will be decrypted before +sending to clients over HTTP. The main advantage of this set up is +that the property values don’t have to be in plain text when they are +"at rest" (e.g. in a git repository).

-

The sample has a test case where the config server is also started in -the same JVM (with a different port), and the test asserts that an -environment property from the git configuration repo is present. To -change the location of the config server just set -"spring.platform.config.uri" in "bootstrap.yml" (or via System -properties etc.).

+

If you are setting up a remote config repository for config client +applications it might contain an application.yml like this, for +instance:

+
+
+
application.yml
+
+
spring:
+  datasource:
+    username: dbuser
+    password: {cipher}FKSAJDFGYOS8F7GLHAKERGFHLSAJ
+
-

The test case has a main() method that runs the server in the same -way (watch the logs for its port), so you can run the whole system in -one process and play with it (e.g. right click on the main in your IDE -and run it). The main() method uses target/config for the working -directory of the git repository, so you can make local changes there -and see them reflected in the running app.

+

You can safely push this plain text to a shared git repository and the +secret password is protected.

+
+
+

If you are editing a remote config file you can use the Config Server +to encrypt values by POSTing to the /encrypt endpoint, e.g.

-
$ curl localhost:8080/env/foo
-bar
-$ vi target/config/bar.properties
-.. change value of "foo", optionally commit
-$ curl localhost:8080/refresh
-["foo"]
-$ curl localhost:8080/env/foo
-baz
+
$ curl localhost:8888/encrypt -d mysecret
+682bc583f4641835fa2db009355293665d2647dade3375c0ee201de2a49f7bda
-

The refresh endpoint reports that the "foo" property changed.

+

The inverse operation is also available via /decrypt (provided the server is +configured with a symmetric key or a full key pair):

+
+
+
+
$ curl localhost:8888/edecrypt -d 682bc583f4641835fa2db009355293665d2647dade3375c0ee201de2a49f7bda
+mysecret
+
+
+
+

Take the encypted value and add the {cipher} prefix before you put +it in the YAML or properties file, and before you commit and push it +to a remote, potentially insecure store.

+
+
+

The spring command line client (with Spring Cloud CLI extensions +installed) can also be used to encrypt and decrypt, e.g.

+
+
+
+
$ spring encrypt mysecret --key foo
+682bc583f4641835fa2db009355293665d2647dade3375c0ee201de2a49f7bda
+$ spring decrypt --key foo 682bc583f4641835fa2db009355293665d2647dade3375c0ee201de2a49f7bda
+mysecret
+
+
+
+

To use a key in a file (e.g. an RSA public key for encyption) prepend +the key value with "@" and provide the file path, e.g.

+
+
+
+
$ spring encrypt mysecret --key @${HOME}/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
+AQAjPgt3eFZQXwt8tsHAVv/QHiY5sI2dRcR+...
+
+
+
+
+

Key Management

+
+

The Config Server can use a symmetric (shared) key or an asymmetric +one (RSA key pair). The asymmetric choice is superior in terms of +security, but it is often more convenient to use a symmetric key since +it is just a single property value to configure.

+
+
+

To configure a symmetric key you just need to set encrypt.key to a +secret String (or use an enviroment variable ENCRYPT_KEY to keep it +out of plain text configuration files). You can also POST a key value +to the /key endpoint (but that won’t change any existing encrypted +values in remote repositories).

+
+
+

To configure an asymmetric key you can either set the key as a +PEM-encoded text value (in encrypt.key), or via a keystore (e.g. as +created by the keytool utility that comes with the JDK). The +keystore properties are encrypt.keyStore. with equals to +location (a Resource location), password (to unlock the +keystore) and alias (to identify which key in the store is to be +used).

+
+
+

The encryption is done with the public key, and a private key is +needed for decryption. Thus in principle you can configure only the +public key in the server if you only want to do encryption (and are +prepared to decrypt the values yourself locally with the private +key). In practice you might not want to do that because it spreads the +key management process around all the clients, instead of +concentrating it in the server. On the other hand it’s a useful option +if your config server really is relatively insecure and only a +handful of clients need the encrypted properties.

+
+
+
+

Creating a Key Store for Testing

+
+

To create a keystore for testing you can do something like this:

+
+
+
+
$ keytool -genkeypair -alias mytestkey -keyalg RSA \
+  -dname "CN=Web Server,OU=Unit,O=Organization,L=City,S=State,C=US" \
+  -keypass changeme -keystore server.jks -storepass letmein
+
+
+
+

Put the server.jks file in the classpath (for instance) and then in +your application.yml for the Config Server:

+
+
+
+
encrypt:
+  keyStore:
+    location: classpath:/server.jks
+    alias: mytestkey
+    password: letmein
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

Spring Cloud Config Client

+
+
+

A Spring Boot application can take immediate advantage of the Spring +Config Server (or other external property sources provided by the +application developer), and it will also pick up some additional +useful features related to Environment change events. When a config +client starts up it binds to the Config Server (via the bootstrap +configuration property spring.cloud.config.uri) and initializes +Spring Environment with remote property sources

+
+
+

Environment Changes

+
+

The application will listen for an EnvironmentChangedEvent and react +to the change in a couple of standard ways (additional +ApplicationListeners can be added as @Beans by the user in the +normal way). When an EnvironmentChangedEvent is observed it will +have a list of key values that have changed, and the application will +use those to:

+
+
+
    +
  • +

    Re-bind any @ConfigurationProperties beans in the context

    +
    • +
  • +

    Set the logger levels for any properties in logging.level.*

    +
    • +
+
+
+

This covers a large class of refresh use cases, and you can verify the +changes by visiting the /configprops endpoint (normal Spring Boot +Actuator feature). For instance a DataSource can have its +maxPoolSize changed at runtime (the default DataSource created by +Spring Boot is an @ConfigurationProperties bean) and grow capacity +dynamically. It does not cover another large class of use cases, where +you need more control over the refresh, and where you need a +configuration change to be atomic over the whole +ApplicationContext. To address those concerns we have +@RefreshScope.

+
+
+
+

Refresh Scope

+
+

A Spring @Bean that is marked as @RefreshScope will get special +treatment when there is a configuration change. This addresses the +problem of stateful beans that only get their configuration injected +when they are initialized. For instance if a DataSource has open +connections when the database URL is changed via the Environment, we +probably want the holders of those connections to be able to complete +what they are doing. Then the next time someone borrows a connection +from the pool he gets one with the new URL.

+
+
+

Refresh scope beans are lazy proxies that initialize when they are +used (i.e. when a method is called), and the scope acts as a cache of +initialized values. To force a bean to re-initialize on the next +method call you just need to invalidate its cache entry.

+
+
+

The RefreshScope is a bean in the context and it has a public method +refreshAll() to refresh all beans in the scope by clearing the +target cache. There is also a refresh(String) method to refresh an +individual bean by name. This functionality is exposed in the +/refresh endpoint (over HTTP or JMX).

+
+
+
+

Encryption and Decryption

+
+

The Config Client has an Environment pre-processor for decrypting +property values locally. It follows the same rules as the Config +Server, and has the same external configuration via encrypt.. Thus +you can use encrypted values in the form {cipher} and as long as +there is a valid key then they will be decrypted before the main +application context gets the Environment.

+
+
+
+

Endpoints

+
+

For a Spring Boot Actuator application there are some additional management endpoints: +* POST to /env to update the Environment and rebind @ConfigurationProperties and log levels +* /refresh for re-loading the boot strap context and refreshing the @RefreshScope beans +* /restart for closing the ApplicationContext and restarting it (disabled by default) +* /pause and /resume for calling the Lifecycle methods (stop() and start() on the ApplicationContext)

+
+
+
+

The Bootstrap Application Context

+
+

The Config Client operates by creating a "bootstrap" application +context, which is a parent context for the main application. Out of +the box it is responsible for loading configuration properties from +the Config Server, and also decrypting properties in the local +external configuration files. The two contexts share an Environment +which is the source of external properties for any Spring +application. Bootstrap properties are added with hight precedence, so +they cannot be overridden by local configuration.

+
+
+

The bootstrap context uses a different convention for locating +external configuration than the main application context, so instead +of application.yml (or .properties) you use bootstrap.yml, +keeping the external configuration for bootstrap and main context +nicely separate. Example:

+
+
+
bootstrap.yml
+
+
spring:
+  application:
+    name: foo
+  cloud:
+    config:
+      uri: ${SPRING_CONFIG_URI:http://localhost:8888}
+
+
+
+

It is a good idea to set the spring.application.name in +bootstrap.yml if your application needs any application-specific +configuration from the server.

+
+
+

You can disable the bootstrap process completely by setting +spring.platform.bootstrap.enabled=false (e.g. in System properties).

+
+
+
+

Customizing the Bootstrap

+
+

The bootstrap context can be trained to do anything you like by adding +entries to /META-INF/spring.factories under the key +org.springframework.cloud.bootstrap.BootstrapConfiguration. This is +a comma-separated list of Spring @Configuration classes which will +be used to create the context. Any beans that you want to be available +to the main application context for autowiring can be created here, +and also there is a special contract for @Beans of type +ApplicationContextInitializer.

+
+
+

The bootstrap process ends by injecting initializers into the main +SpringApplication instance (i.e. the normal Spring Boot startup +sequence, whether it is running as a standalone app or deployed in an +application server). First a bootstrap context is created from the +classes found in spring.factories and then all @Beans of type +ApplicationContextInitializer are added to the main +SpringApplication before it is started.

+
+
+
+

Customizing the Property Sources

+
+

The default property source for external configuration added by the +bootstrap process is the Config Server, but you can add additional +sources by adding beans of type PropertySourceLocator to the +bootstrap context (via spring.factories). You could use this to +insert additional properties from a different server, or from a +database, for instance.

Spring Cloud Netflix

-
-

This project provides Netflix OSS integrations for Spring Boot apps through autoconfiguration +

+
+This project provides Netflix OSS integrations for Spring Boot apps through autoconfiguration and binding to the Spring Environment and other Spring programming model idioms. With a few simple annotations you can quickly enable and configure the common patterns inside your application and build large distributed systems with battle-tested Netflix components. The patterns provided include Service Discovery (Eureka), Circuit Breaker (Hystrix), -Intelligent Routing (Zuul) and Client Side Load Balancing (Ribbon).

+Intelligent Routing (Zuul) and Client Side Load Balancing (Ribbon). +

Service Discovery: Eureka Clients

@@ -362,14 +1134,22 @@ normal Eureka functionality under /v2/*.

Router and Filter: Zuul

-
-

Unresolved directive in spring-cloud.adoc - include::../../../cluster/src/main/asciidoc/spring-cloud-cluster.adoc[]

+
+

Spring Cloud Cluster

+
+
+Spring Cloud Cluster offers a set of primitives for building "cluster" +features into a distributed system. Example are leadership election, +consistent storage of cluster state, global locks and one-time tokens. +

Spring Platform Bus

-
-

Spring Cloud Bus links nodes of a distributed system with a lightweight message broker. This can then be used to broadcast state changes (e.g. configuration changes) or other management instructions. The only implementation currently is with an AMQP broker as the transport, but the same basic feature set (and some more depending on the transport) is on the roadmap for other transports.

+
+
+Spring Cloud Bus links nodes of a distributed system with a lightweight message broker. This can then be used to broadcast state changes (e.g. configuration changes) or other management instructions. The only implementation currently is with an AMQP broker as the transport, but the same basic feature set (and some more depending on the transport) is on the roadmap for other transports. +

Quick Start

@@ -378,9 +1158,11 @@ normal Eureka functionality under /v2/*.

Spring Cloud for Cloud Foundry

-
-

Integration between Cloud Foundry -and Spring Cloud.

+
+
+Integration between Cloud Foundry +and Spring Cloud. +

Service Broker Example

@@ -467,7 +1249,7 @@ with Eureka will also become a Cloud Foundry service.