[[testcontext-ctx-management-env-profiles]]
= Context Configuration with Environment Profiles

The Spring Framework has first-class support for the notion of environments and profiles
(AKA "bean definition profiles"), and integration tests can be configured to activate
particular bean definition profiles for various testing scenarios. This is achieved by
annotating a test class with the `@ActiveProfiles` annotation and supplying a list of
profiles that should be activated when loading the `ApplicationContext` for the test.

NOTE: You can use `@ActiveProfiles` with any implementation of the `SmartContextLoader`
SPI, but `@ActiveProfiles` is not supported with implementations of the older
`ContextLoader` SPI.

Consider two examples with XML configuration and `@Configuration` classes:

[source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
----
	<!-- app-config.xml -->
	<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
		xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
		xmlns:jdbc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc"
		xmlns:jee="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee"
		xsi:schemaLocation="...">

		<bean id="transferService"
				class="com.bank.service.internal.DefaultTransferService">
			<constructor-arg ref="accountRepository"/>
			<constructor-arg ref="feePolicy"/>
		</bean>

		<bean id="accountRepository"
				class="com.bank.repository.internal.JdbcAccountRepository">
			<constructor-arg ref="dataSource"/>
		</bean>

		<bean id="feePolicy"
			class="com.bank.service.internal.ZeroFeePolicy"/>

		<beans profile="dev">
			<jdbc:embedded-database id="dataSource">
				<jdbc:script
					location="classpath:com/bank/config/sql/schema.sql"/>
				<jdbc:script
					location="classpath:com/bank/config/sql/test-data.sql"/>
			</jdbc:embedded-database>
		</beans>

		<beans profile="production">
			<jee:jndi-lookup id="dataSource" jndi-name="java:comp/env/jdbc/datasource"/>
		</beans>

		<beans profile="default">
			<jdbc:embedded-database id="dataSource">
				<jdbc:script
					location="classpath:com/bank/config/sql/schema.sql"/>
			</jdbc:embedded-database>
		</beans>

	</beans>
----

[tabs]
======
Java::
+
[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",role="primary"]
----
	@ExtendWith(SpringExtension.class)
	// ApplicationContext will be loaded from "classpath:/app-config.xml"
	@ContextConfiguration("/app-config.xml")
	@ActiveProfiles("dev")
	class TransferServiceTest {

		@Autowired
		TransferService transferService;

		@Test
		void testTransferService() {
			// test the transferService
		}
	}
----

Kotlin::
+
[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",role="secondary"]
----
	@ExtendWith(SpringExtension::class)
	// ApplicationContext will be loaded from "classpath:/app-config.xml"
	@ContextConfiguration("/app-config.xml")
	@ActiveProfiles("dev")
	class TransferServiceTest {

		@Autowired
		lateinit var transferService: TransferService

		@Test
		fun testTransferService() {
			// test the transferService
		}
	}
----
======

When `TransferServiceTest` is run, its `ApplicationContext` is loaded from the
`app-config.xml` configuration file in the root of the classpath. If you inspect
`app-config.xml`, you can see that the `accountRepository` bean has a dependency on a
`dataSource` bean. However, `dataSource` is not defined as a top-level bean. Instead,
`dataSource` is defined three times: in the `production` profile, in the `dev` profile,
and in the `default` profile.

By annotating `TransferServiceTest` with `@ActiveProfiles("dev")`, we instruct the Spring
TestContext Framework to load the `ApplicationContext` with the active profiles set to
`{"dev"}`. As a result, an embedded database is created and populated with test data, and
the `accountRepository` bean is wired with a reference to the development `DataSource`.
That is likely what we want in an integration test.

It is sometimes useful to assign beans to a `default` profile. Beans within the default
profile are included only when no other profile is specifically activated. You can use
this to define "`fallback`" beans to be used in the application's default state. For
example, you may explicitly provide a data source for `dev` and `production` profiles,
but define an in-memory data source as a default when neither of these is active.

The following code listings demonstrate how to implement the same configuration and
integration test with `@Configuration` classes instead of XML:

[tabs]
======
Java::
+
[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",role="primary"]
----
	@Configuration
	@Profile("dev")
	public class StandaloneDataConfig {

		@Bean
		public DataSource dataSource() {
			return new EmbeddedDatabaseBuilder()
				.setType(EmbeddedDatabaseType.HSQL)
				.addScript("classpath:com/bank/config/sql/schema.sql")
				.addScript("classpath:com/bank/config/sql/test-data.sql")
				.build();
		}
	}
----

Kotlin::
+
[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",role="secondary"]
----
	@Configuration
	@Profile("dev")
	class StandaloneDataConfig {

		@Bean
		fun dataSource(): DataSource {
			return EmbeddedDatabaseBuilder()
					.setType(EmbeddedDatabaseType.HSQL)
					.addScript("classpath:com/bank/config/sql/schema.sql")
					.addScript("classpath:com/bank/config/sql/test-data.sql")
					.build()
		}
	}
----
======

[tabs]
======
Java::
+
[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",role="primary"]
----
	@Configuration
	@Profile("production")
	public class JndiDataConfig {

		@Bean(destroyMethod="")
		public DataSource dataSource() throws Exception {
			Context ctx = new InitialContext();
			return (DataSource) ctx.lookup("java:comp/env/jdbc/datasource");
		}
	}
----

Kotlin::
+
[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",role="secondary"]
----
	@Configuration
	@Profile("production")
	class JndiDataConfig {

		@Bean(destroyMethod = "")
		fun dataSource(): DataSource {
			val ctx = InitialContext()
			return ctx.lookup("java:comp/env/jdbc/datasource") as DataSource
		}
	}
----
======

[tabs]
======
Java::
+
[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",role="primary"]
----
	@Configuration
	@Profile("default")
	public class DefaultDataConfig {

		@Bean
		public DataSource dataSource() {
			return new EmbeddedDatabaseBuilder()
				.setType(EmbeddedDatabaseType.HSQL)
				.addScript("classpath:com/bank/config/sql/schema.sql")
				.build();
		}
	}
----

Kotlin::
+
[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",role="secondary"]
----
	@Configuration
	@Profile("default")
	class DefaultDataConfig {

		@Bean
		fun dataSource(): DataSource {
			return EmbeddedDatabaseBuilder()
					.setType(EmbeddedDatabaseType.HSQL)
					.addScript("classpath:com/bank/config/sql/schema.sql")
					.build()
		}
	}
----
======

[tabs]
======
Java::
+
[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",role="primary"]
----
	@Configuration
	public class TransferServiceConfig {

		@Autowired DataSource dataSource;

		@Bean
		public TransferService transferService() {
			return new DefaultTransferService(accountRepository(), feePolicy());
		}

		@Bean
		public AccountRepository accountRepository() {
			return new JdbcAccountRepository(dataSource);
		}

		@Bean
		public FeePolicy feePolicy() {
			return new ZeroFeePolicy();
		}
	}
----

Kotlin::
+
[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",role="secondary"]
----
	@Configuration
	class TransferServiceConfig {

		@Autowired
		lateinit var dataSource: DataSource

		@Bean
		fun transferService(): TransferService {
			return DefaultTransferService(accountRepository(), feePolicy())
		}

		@Bean
		fun accountRepository(): AccountRepository {
			return JdbcAccountRepository(dataSource)
		}

		@Bean
		fun feePolicy(): FeePolicy {
			return ZeroFeePolicy()
		}
	}
----
======

[tabs]
======
Java::
+
[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",role="primary"]
----
	@SpringJUnitConfig({
			TransferServiceConfig.class,
			StandaloneDataConfig.class,
			JndiDataConfig.class,
			DefaultDataConfig.class})
	@ActiveProfiles("dev")
	class TransferServiceTest {

		@Autowired
		TransferService transferService;

		@Test
		void testTransferService() {
			// test the transferService
		}
	}
----

Kotlin::
+
[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",role="secondary"]
----
	@SpringJUnitConfig(
			TransferServiceConfig::class,
			StandaloneDataConfig::class,
			JndiDataConfig::class,
			DefaultDataConfig::class)
	@ActiveProfiles("dev")
	class TransferServiceTest {

		@Autowired
		lateinit var transferService: TransferService

		@Test
		fun testTransferService() {
			// test the transferService
		}
	}
----
======

In this variation, we have split the XML configuration into four independent
`@Configuration` classes:

* `TransferServiceConfig`: Acquires a `dataSource` through dependency injection by using
  `@Autowired`.
* `StandaloneDataConfig`: Defines a `dataSource` for an embedded database suitable for
  developer tests.
* `JndiDataConfig`: Defines a `dataSource` that is retrieved from JNDI in a production
  environment.
* `DefaultDataConfig`: Defines a `dataSource` for a default embedded database, in case no
  profile is active.

As with the XML-based configuration example, we still annotate `TransferServiceTest` with
`@ActiveProfiles("dev")`, but this time we specify all four configuration classes by
using the `@ContextConfiguration` annotation. The body of the test class itself remains
completely unchanged.

It is often the case that a single set of profiles is used across multiple test classes
within a given project. Thus, to avoid duplicate declarations of the `@ActiveProfiles`
annotation, you can declare `@ActiveProfiles` once on a base class, and subclasses
automatically inherit the `@ActiveProfiles` configuration from the base class. In the
following example, the declaration of `@ActiveProfiles` (as well as other annotations)
has been moved to an abstract superclass, `AbstractIntegrationTest`:

NOTE: As of Spring Framework 5.3, test configuration may also be inherited from enclosing
classes. See xref:testing/testcontext-framework/support-classes.adoc#testcontext-junit-jupiter-nested-test-configuration[`@Nested` test class configuration] for details.

[tabs]
======
Java::
+
[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",role="primary"]
----
	@SpringJUnitConfig({
			TransferServiceConfig.class,
			StandaloneDataConfig.class,
			JndiDataConfig.class,
			DefaultDataConfig.class})
	@ActiveProfiles("dev")
	abstract class AbstractIntegrationTest {
	}
----

Kotlin::
+
[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",role="secondary"]
----
	@SpringJUnitConfig(
			TransferServiceConfig::class,
			StandaloneDataConfig::class,
			JndiDataConfig::class,
			DefaultDataConfig::class)
	@ActiveProfiles("dev")
	abstract class AbstractIntegrationTest {
	}
----
======

[tabs]
======
Java::
+
[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",role="primary"]
----
	// "dev" profile inherited from superclass
	class TransferServiceTest extends AbstractIntegrationTest {

		@Autowired
		TransferService transferService;

		@Test
		void testTransferService() {
			// test the transferService
		}
	}
----

Kotlin::
+
[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",role="secondary"]
----
	// "dev" profile inherited from superclass
	class TransferServiceTest : AbstractIntegrationTest() {

		@Autowired
		lateinit var transferService: TransferService

		@Test
		fun testTransferService() {
			// test the transferService
		}
	}
----
======

`@ActiveProfiles` also supports an `inheritProfiles` attribute that can be used to
disable the inheritance of active profiles, as the following example shows:

[tabs]
======
Java::
+
[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",role="primary"]
----
	// "dev" profile overridden with "production"
	@ActiveProfiles(profiles = "production", inheritProfiles = false)
	class ProductionTransferServiceTest extends AbstractIntegrationTest {
		// test body
	}
----

Kotlin::
+
[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",role="secondary"]
----
	// "dev" profile overridden with "production"
	@ActiveProfiles("production", inheritProfiles = false)
	class ProductionTransferServiceTest : AbstractIntegrationTest() {
		// test body
	}
----
======

[[testcontext-ctx-management-env-profiles-ActiveProfilesResolver]]
Furthermore, it is sometimes necessary to resolve active profiles for tests
programmatically instead of declaratively -- for example, based on:

* The current operating system.
* Whether tests are being run on a continuous integration build server.
* The presence of certain environment variables.
* The presence of custom class-level annotations.
* Other concerns.

To resolve active bean definition profiles programmatically, you can implement
a custom `ActiveProfilesResolver` and register it by using the `resolver`
attribute of `@ActiveProfiles`. For further information, see the corresponding
{spring-framework-api}/test/context/ActiveProfilesResolver.html[javadoc].
The following example demonstrates how to implement and register a custom
`OperatingSystemActiveProfilesResolver`:

[tabs]
======
Java::
+
[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",role="primary"]
----
	// "dev" profile overridden programmatically via a custom resolver
	@ActiveProfiles(
			resolver = OperatingSystemActiveProfilesResolver.class,
			inheritProfiles = false)
	class TransferServiceTest extends AbstractIntegrationTest {
		// test body
	}
----

Kotlin::
+
[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",role="secondary"]
----
	// "dev" profile overridden programmatically via a custom resolver
	@ActiveProfiles(
			resolver = OperatingSystemActiveProfilesResolver::class,
			inheritProfiles = false)
	class TransferServiceTest : AbstractIntegrationTest() {
		// test body
	}
----
======

[tabs]
======
Java::
+
[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",role="primary"]
----
	public class OperatingSystemActiveProfilesResolver implements ActiveProfilesResolver {

		@Override
		public String[] resolve(Class<?> testClass) {
			String profile = ...;
			// determine the value of profile based on the operating system
			return new String[] {profile};
		}
	}
----

Kotlin::
+
[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",role="secondary"]
----
	class OperatingSystemActiveProfilesResolver : ActiveProfilesResolver {

		override fun resolve(testClass: Class<*>): Array<String> {
			val profile: String = ...
			// determine the value of profile based on the operating system
			return arrayOf(profile)
		}
	}
----
======

