Add ProblemDetail and @ExceptionHandler support

ProblemDetail is a representation of an RFC 7807 "problem", and this
commits adds support for it in Spring MVC and WebFlux as a return value
from `@ExceptionHandler` methods, optionally wrapped with
ResponseEntity for headers.

See gh-27052

spring-web/src/main/java/org/springframework/http/ProblemDetail.java

@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2002-2022 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.springframework.http;
+
+import java.net.URI;
+
+import org.springframework.lang.Nullable;
+import org.springframework.util.Assert;
+
+/**
+ * Representation of an RFC 7807 problem detail, including all RFC-defined
+ * fields. For an extended response with more fields, create a subclass that
+ * exposes the additional fields.
+ *
+ * @author Rossen Stoyanchev
+ * @since 6.0
+ *
+ * @see <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7807">RFC 7807</a>
+ * @see org.springframework.web.ErrorResponse
+ * @see org.springframework.web.ErrorResponseException
+ */
+public class ProblemDetail {
+
+	private static final URI BLANK_TYPE = URI.create("about:blank");
+
+
+	private URI type = BLANK_TYPE;
+
+	@Nullable
+	private String title;
+
+	private int status;
+
+	@Nullable
+	private String detail;
+
+	@Nullable
+	private URI instance;
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Protected constructor for subclasses.
+	 * <p>To create a {@link ProblemDetail} instance, use static factory methods,
+	 * {@link #forStatus(HttpStatus)} or {@link #forRawStatusCode(int)}.
+	 * @param rawStatusCode the response status to use
+	 */
+	protected ProblemDetail(int rawStatusCode) {
+		this.status = rawStatusCode;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Copy constructor that could be used from a subclass to re-create a
+	 * {@code ProblemDetail} in order to extend it with more fields.
+	 */
+	protected ProblemDetail(ProblemDetail other) {
+		this.type = other.type;
+		this.title = other.title;
+		this.status = other.status;
+		this.detail = other.detail;
+		this.instance = other.instance;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Variant of {@link #setType(URI)} for chained initialization.
+	 * @param type the problem type
+	 * @return the same instance
+	 */
+	public ProblemDetail withType(URI type) {
+		setType(type);
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Variant of {@link #setTitle(String)} for chained initialization.
+	 * @param title the problem title
+	 * @return the same instance
+	 */
+	public ProblemDetail withTitle(@Nullable String title) {
+		setTitle(title);
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Variant of {@link #setStatus(int)} for chained initialization.
+	 * @param status the response status for the problem
+	 * @return the same instance
+	 */
+	public ProblemDetail withStatus(HttpStatus status) {
+		Assert.notNull(status, "HttpStatus is required");
+		setStatus(status.value());
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Variant of {@link #setStatus(int)} for chained initialization.
+	 * @param status the response status value for the problem
+	 * @return the same instance
+	 */
+	public ProblemDetail withRawStatusCode(int status) {
+		setStatus(status);
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Variant of {@link #setDetail(String)} for chained initialization.
+	 * @param detail the problem detail
+	 * @return the same instance
+	 */
+	public ProblemDetail withDetail(@Nullable String detail) {
+		setDetail(detail);
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Variant of {@link #setInstance(URI)} for chained initialization.
+	 * @param instance the problem instance URI
+	 * @return the same instance
+	 */
+	public ProblemDetail withInstance(@Nullable URI instance) {
+		setInstance(instance);
+		return this;
+	}
+
+
+	// Setters for deserialization
+
+	/**
+	 * Setter for the {@link #getType() problem type}.
+	 * <p>By default, this is {@link #BLANK_TYPE}.
+	 * @param type the problem type
+	 * @see #withType(URI)
+	 */
+	public void setType(URI type) {
+		Assert.notNull(type, "'type' is required");
+		this.type = type;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Setter for the {@link #getTitle() problem title}.
+	 * <p>By default, if not explicitly set and the status is well-known, this
+	 * is sourced from the {@link HttpStatus#getReasonPhrase()}.
+	 * @param title the problem title
+	 * @see #withTitle(String)
+	 */
+	public void setTitle(@Nullable String title) {
+		this.title = title;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Setter for the {@link #getStatus() problem status}.
+	 * @param status the problem status
+	 * @see #withStatus(HttpStatus)
+	 * @see #withRawStatusCode(int)
+	 */
+	public void setStatus(int status) {
+		this.status = status;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Setter for the {@link #getDetail() problem detail}.
+	 * <p>By default, this is not set.
+	 * @param detail the problem detail
+	 * @see #withDetail(String)
+	 */
+	public void setDetail(@Nullable String detail) {
+		this.detail = detail;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Setter for the {@link #getInstance() problem instance}.
+	 * <p>By default, when {@code ProblemDetail} is returned from an
+	 * {@code @ExceptionHandler} method, this is initialized to the request path.
+	 * @param instance the problem instance
+	 * @see #withInstance(URI)
+	 */
+	public void setInstance(@Nullable URI instance) {
+		this.instance = instance;
+	}
+
+
+	// Getters
+
+	/**
+	 * Return the configured {@link #setType(URI) problem type}.
+	 */
+	public URI getType() {
+		return this.type;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Return the configured {@link #setTitle(String) problem title}.
+	 */
+	@Nullable
+	public String getTitle() {
+		if (this.title == null) {
+			HttpStatus httpStatus = HttpStatus.resolve(this.status);
+			if (httpStatus != null) {
+				return httpStatus.getReasonPhrase();
+			}
+		}
+		return this.title;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Return the status associated with the problem, provided either to the
+	 * constructor or configured via {@link #setStatus(int)}.
+	 */
+	public int getStatus() {
+		return this.status;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Return the configured {@link #setDetail(String) problem detail}.
+	 */
+	@Nullable
+	public String getDetail() {
+		return this.detail;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Return the configured {@link #setInstance(URI) problem instance}.
+	 */
+	@Nullable
+	public URI getInstance() {
+		return this.instance;
+	}
+
+
+	@Override
+	public String toString() {
+		return getClass().getSimpleName() + "[" + initToStringContent() + "]";
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Return a String representation of the {@code ProblemDetail} fields.
+	 * Subclasses can override this to append additional fields.
+	 */
+	protected String initToStringContent() {
+		return "type='" + this.type + "'" +
+				", title='" + getTitle() + "'" +
+				", status=" + getStatus() +
+				", detail='" + getDetail() + "'" +
+				", instance='" + getInstance() + "'";
+	}
+
+
+	// Static factory methods
+
+	/**
+	 * Create a {@code ProblemDetail} instance with the given status code.
+	 */
+	public static ProblemDetail forStatus(HttpStatus status) {
+		Assert.notNull(status, "HttpStatus is required");
+		return forRawStatusCode(status.value());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Create a {@code ProblemDetail} instance with the given status value.
+	 */
+	public static ProblemDetail forRawStatusCode(int status) {
+		return new ProblemDetail(status);
+	}
+
+}

spring-web/src/main/java/org/springframework/http/ResponseEntity.java

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2002-2021 the original author or authors.
+ * Copyright 2002-2022 the original author or authors.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -260,6 +260,27 @@ public class ResponseEntity<T> extends HttpEntity<T> {
 		return body.map(ResponseEntity::ok).orElseGet(() -> notFound().build());
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Create a builder for a {@code ResponseEntity} with the given
+	 * {@link ProblemDetail} as the body, also matching to its
+	 * {@link ProblemDetail#getStatus() status}. An {@code @ExceptionHandler}
+	 * method can use to add response headers, or otherwise it can return
+	 * {@code ProblemDetail}.
+	 * @param body the details for an HTTP error response
+	 * @return the created builder
+	 * @since 6.0
+	 */
+	public static HeadersBuilder<?> of(ProblemDetail body) {
+		return new DefaultBuilder(body.getStatus()) {
+
+			@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+			@Override
+			public <T> ResponseEntity<T> build() {
+				return (ResponseEntity<T>) body(body);
+			}
+		};
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Create a new builder with a {@linkplain HttpStatus#CREATED CREATED} status
 	 * and a location header set to the given URI.