[[howto]]
= '`How-to`' guides

[partintro]
--
This section provides answers to some common '`how do I do that...`' type of questions
that often arise when using Spring Boot. This is by no means an exhaustive list, but it
does cover quite a lot.

If you are having a specific problem that we don't cover here, you might want to check out
http://stackoverflow.com/tags/spring-boot[stackoverflow.com] to see if someone has
already provided an answer; this is also a great place to ask new questions (please use
the `spring-boot` tag).

We're also more than happy to extend this section; If you want to add a '`how-to`' you
can send us a {github-code}[pull request].
--



[[howto-spring-boot-application]]
== Spring Boot application



[[howto-troubleshoot-auto-configuration]]
=== Troubleshoot auto-configuration
The Spring Boot auto-configuration tries its best to '`do the right thing`', but
sometimes things fail and it can be hard to tell why.

There is a really useful `ConditionEvaluationReport` available in any Spring Boot
`ApplicationContext`. You will see it if you enable `DEBUG` logging output. If you use
the `spring-boot-actuator` there is also an `autoconfig` endpoint that renders the report
in JSON. Use that to debug the application and see what features have been added (and
which not) by Spring Boot at runtime.

Many more questions can be answered by looking at the source code and the javadoc. Some
rules of thumb:

* Look for classes called `+*AutoConfiguration+` and read their sources, in particular the
  `+@Conditional*+` annotations to find out what features they enable and when. Add
  `--debug` to the command line or a System property `-Ddebug` to get a log on the
  console of all the autoconfiguration decisions that were made in your app. In a running
  Actuator app look at the `autoconfig` endpoint ('`/autoconfig`' or the JMX equivalent) for
  the same information.
* Look for classes that are `@ConfigurationProperties` (e.g.
  {sc-spring-boot-autoconfigure}/web/ServerProperties.{sc-ext}[`ServerProperties`])
  and read from there the available external configuration options. The
  `@ConfigurationProperties` has a `name` attribute which acts as a prefix to external
  properties, thus `ServerProperties` has `prefix="server"` and its configuration properties
  are `server.port`, `server.address` etc. In a running Actuator app look at the
  `configprops` endpoint.
* Look for use of `RelaxedPropertyResolver` to pull configuration values explicitly out of the
  `Environment`. It often is used with a prefix.
* Look for `@Value` annotations that bind directly to the `Environment`. This is less
  flexible than the `RelaxedPropertyResolver` approach, but does allow some relaxed binding,
  specifically for OS environment variables (so `CAPITALS_AND_UNDERSCORES` are synonyms
  for `period.separated`).
* Look for `@ConditionalOnExpression` annotations that switch features on and off in
  response to SpEL expressions, normally evaluated with place-holders resolved from the
  `Environment`.



[[howto-customize-the-environment-or-application-context]]
=== Customize the Environment or ApplicationContext before it starts
A `SpringApplication` has `ApplicationListeners` and `ApplicationContextInitializers` that
are used to apply customizations to the context or environment. Spring Boot loads a number
of such customizations for use internally from `META-INF/spring.factories`. There is more
than one way to register additional ones:

* Programmatically per application by calling the `addListeners` and `addInitializers`
  methods on `SpringApplication` before you run it.
* Declaratively per application by setting `context.initializer.classes` or
  `context.listener.classes`.
* Declaratively for all applications by adding a `META-INF/spring.factories` and packaging
  a jar file that the applications all use as a library.

The `SpringApplication` sends some special `ApplicationEvents` to the listeners (even
some before the context is created), and then registers the listeners for events published
by the `ApplicationContext` as well. See
_<<spring-boot-features.adoc#boot-features-application-events-and-listeners>>_ in the
'`Spring Boot features`' section for a complete list.



[[howto-build-an-application-context-hierarchy]]
=== Build an ApplicationContext hierarchy (adding a parent or root context)
You can use the `ApplicationBuilder` class to create parent/child `ApplicationContext`
hierarchies. See _<<spring-boot-features.adoc#boot-features-fluent-builder-api>>_
in the '`Spring Boot features`' section for more information.



[[howto-create-a-non-web-application]]
=== Create a non-web application
Not all Spring applications have to be web applications (or web services). If you want to
execute some code in a `main` method, but also bootstrap a Spring application to set up
the infrastructure to use, then it's easy with the `SpringApplication` features of Spring
Boot. A `SpringApplication` changes its `ApplicationContext` class depending on whether it
thinks it needs a web application or not. The first thing you can do to help it is to just
leave the servlet API dependencies off the classpath. If you can't do that (e.g. you are
running 2 applications from the same code base) then you can explicitly call
`SpringApplication.setWebEnvironment(false)`, or set the `applicationContextClass`
property (through the Java API or with external properties).
Application code that you want to run as your business logic can be implemented as a
`CommandLineRunner` and dropped into the context as a `@Bean` definition.



[[howto-properties-and-configuration]]
== Properties & configuration



[[howto-externalize-configuration]]
=== Externalize the configuration of SpringApplication
A `SpringApplication` has bean properties (mainly setters) so you can use its Java API as
you create the application to modify its behavior. Or you can externalize the
configuration using properties in `+spring.main.*+`. E.g. in `application.properties` you
might have.

[source,properties,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	spring.main.web_environment=false
	spring.main.show_banner=false
----

and then the Spring Boot banner will not be printed on startup, and the application will
not be a web application.

NOTE: The example above also demonstrates how flexible binding allows the use of
underscores (`_`) as well as dashes (`-`) in property names.

Properties defined in external configuration overrides the values specified via the Java
API with the notable exception of the sources used to create the `ApplicationContext`. Let's
consider this application

[source,java,indent=0]
----
	new SpringApplicationBuilder()
		.showBanner(false)
		.sources(demo.MyApp.class)
		.run(args);
----

used with the following configuration:

[source,properties,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	spring.main.sources=com.acme.Config,com.acme.ExtraConfig
	spring.main.show-banner=true
----

The actual application will _now_ show the banner (as overridden by configuration) and use
three sources for the `ApplicationContext` (in that order): `demo.MyApp`, `com.acme.Config`,
`com.acme.ExtraConfig`.



[[howto-change-the-location-of-external-properties]]
=== Change the location of external properties of an application
By default properties from different sources are added to the Spring `Environment` in a
defined order (see _<<spring-boot-features.adoc#boot-features-external-config>>_ in
the '`Spring Boot features`' section for the exact order).

A nice way to augment and modify this is to add `@PropertySource` annotations to your
application sources. Classes passed to the `SpringApplication` static convenience
methods, and those added using `setSources()` are inspected to see if they have
`@PropertySources`, and if they do, those properties are added to the `Environment` early
enough to be used in all phases of the `ApplicationContext` lifecycle. Properties added
in this way have lower
priority than any added using the default locations (e.g. `application.properties), system properties, environment variables or the command line.

You can also provide System properties (or environment variables) to change the behavior:

* `spring.config.name` (`SPRING_CONFIG_NAME`), defaults to `application` as the root of
  the file name.
* `spring.config.location` (`SPRING_CONFIG_LOCATION`) is the file to load (e.g. a classpath
  resource or a URL). A separate `Environment` property source is set up for this document
  and it can be overridden by system properties, environment variables or the
  command line.

No matter what you set in the environment, Spring Boot will always load
`application.properties` as described above. If YAML is used then files with the '`.yml`'
extension are also added to the list by default.

Spring Boot logs the configuration files that are loaded at `DEBUG` level and the
candidates it has not found at `TRACE` level.

See {sc-spring-boot}/context/config/ConfigFileApplicationListener.{sc-ext}[`ConfigFileApplicationListener`]
for more detail.



[[howto-use-short-command-line-arguments]]
=== Use '`short`' command line arguments
Some people like to use (for example) `--port=9000` instead of `--server.port=9000` to
set configuration properties on the command line. You can easily enable this by using
placeholders in `application.properties`, e.g.

[source,properties,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	server.port=${port:8080}
----

TIP: If you are inheriting from the `spring-boot-starter-parent` POM, the default filter
token of the `maven-resources-plugins` has been changed from `+${*}+` to `@` (i.e.
`@maven.token@` instead of `${maven.token}`) to prevent conflicts with Spring-style
placeholders. If you have enabled maven filtering for the `application.properties`
directly, you may want to also change the default filter token to use
http://maven.apache.org/plugins/maven-resources-plugin/resources-mojo.html#delimiters[other delimiters].

NOTE: In this specific case the port binding will work in a PaaS environment like Heroku
and Cloud Foundry, since in those two platforms the `PORT` environment variable is set
automatically and Spring can bind to capitalized synonyms for `Environment` properties.



[[howto-use-yaml-for-external-properties]]
=== Use YAML for external properties
YAML is a superset of JSON and as such is a very convenient syntax for storing external
properties in a hierarchical format. E.g.

[source,yaml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	spring:
		application:
			name: cruncher
		datasource:
			driverClassName: com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
			url: jdbc:mysql://localhost/test
	server:
		port: 9000
----

Create a file called `application.yml` and stick it in the root of your classpath, and
also add `snakeyaml` to your dependencies (Maven coordinates `org.yaml:snakeyaml`, already
included if you use the `spring-boot-starter`). A YAML file is parsed to a Java
`Map<String,Object>` (like a JSON object), and Spring Boot flattens the map so that it
is 1-level deep and has period-separated keys, a lot like people are used to with
`Properties` files in Java.

The example YAML above corresponds to an `application.properties` file

[source,properties,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	spring.application.name=cruncher
	spring.datasource.driverClassName=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
	spring.datasource.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost/test
	server.port=9000
----

See _<<spring-boot-features.adoc#boot-features-external-config-yaml>>_ in
the '`Spring Boot features`' section for more information
about YAML.

[[howto-set-active-spring-profiles]]
=== Set the active Spring profiles
The Spring `Environment` has an API for this, but normally you would set a System property
(`spring.profiles.active`) or an OS environment variable (`SPRING_PROFILES_ACTIVE`). E.g.
launch your application with a `-D` argument (remember to put it before the main class
or jar archive):

[indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	$ java -jar -Dspring.profiles.active=production demo-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar
----

In Spring Boot you can also set the active profile in `application.properties`, e.g.

[source,properties,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	spring.profiles.active=production
----

A value set this way is replaced by the System property or environment variable setting,
but not by the `SpringApplicationBuilder.profiles()` method. Thus the latter Java API can
be used to augment the profiles without changing the defaults.

See _<<spring-boot-features.adoc#boot-features-profiles>>_ in
the '`Spring Boot features`' section for more information.



[[howto-change-configuration-depending-on-the-environment]]
=== Change configuration depending on the environment
A YAML file is actually a sequence of documents separated by `---` lines, and each
document is parsed separately to a flattened map.

If a YAML document contains a `spring.profiles` key, then the profiles value
(comma-separated list of profiles) is fed into the Spring
`Environment.acceptsProfiles()` and if any of those profiles is active that document is
included in the final merge (otherwise not).

Example:

[source,yaml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	server:
		port: 9000
	---

	spring:
		profiles: development
	server:
		port: 9001

	---

	spring:
		profiles: production
	server:
		port: 0
----

In this example the default port is 9000, but if the Spring profile '`development`' is
active then the port is 9001, and if '`production`' is active then it is 0.

The YAML documents are merged in the order they are encountered (so later values override
earlier ones).

To do the same thing with properties files you can use `application-${profile}.properties`
to specify profile-specific values.



[[howto-discover-build-in-options-for-external-properties]]
=== Discover built-in options for external properties
Spring Boot binds external properties from `application.properties` (or `.yml`) (and
other places) into an application at runtime. There is not (and technically cannot be)
an exhaustive list of all supported properties in a single location because contributions
can come from additional jar files on your classpath.

A running application with the Actuator features has a `configprops` endpoint that shows
all the bound and bindable properties available through `@ConfigurationProperties`.

The appendix includes an <<appendix-application-properties#common-application-properties,
`application.properties`>> example with a list of the most common properties supported by
Spring Boot. The definitive list comes from searching the source code for
`@ConfigurationProperties` and `@Value` annotations, as well as the occasional use of
`RelaxedPropertyResolver`.



[[howto-embedded-servlet-containers]]
== Embedded servlet containers



[[howto-add-a-servlet-filter-or-servletcontextlistener]]
=== Add a Servlet, Filter or ServletContextListener to an application
`Servlet`, `Filter`, `ServletContextListener` and the other listeners supported by the
Servlet spec can be added to your application as `@Bean` definitions. Be very careful that
they don't cause eager initialization of too many other beans because they have to be
installed in the container very early in the application lifecycle (e.g. it's not a good
idea to have them depend on your `DataSource` or JPA configuration). You can work around
restrictions like that by initializing them lazily when first used instead of on
initialization.

In the case of `Filters` and `Servlets` you can also add mappings and init parameters by
adding a `FilterRegistrationBean` or `ServletRegistrationBean` instead of or as well as
the underlying component.



[[howto-disable-registration-of-a-servlet-or-filter]]
=== Disable registration of a Servlet or Filter
As <<howto-add-a-servlet-filter-or-servletcontextlistener,described above>> any `Servlet`
or `Filter` beans will be registered with the servlet container automatically. To disable
registration of a particular `Filter` or `Servlet` bean create a registration bean for it
and mark it as disabled. For example:

[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	@Bean
	public FilterRegistrationBean registration(MyFilter filter) {
		FilterRegistrationBean registration = new FilterRegistrationBean(filter);
		registration.setEnabled(false);
		return registration;
	}
----



[[howto-change-the-http-port]]
=== Change the HTTP port
In a standalone application the main HTTP port defaults to `8080`, but can be set with
`server.port` (e.g. in `application.properties` or as a System property). Thanks to
relaxed binding of `Environment` values you can also use `SERVER_PORT` (e.g. as an OS
environment variable).

To switch off the HTTP endpoints completely, but still create a `WebApplicationContext`,
use `server.port=-1` (this is sometimes useful for testing).

For more details look at _<<spring-boot-features.adoc#boot-features-customizing-embedded-containers>>_
in the '`Spring Boot features`' section, or the
{sc-spring-boot-autoconfigure}/web/ServerProperties.{sc-ext}[`ServerProperties`] source
code.


[[howto-user-a-random-unassigned-http-port]]
=== Use a random unassigned HTTP port
To scan for a free port (using OS natives to prevent clashes) use `server.port=0`.

TIP: You can know what port got allocated at runtime by looking at the `local.server.port`
property in the `Environment`.



[[howto-discover-the-http-port-at-runtime]]
=== Discover the HTTP port at runtime
You can access the port the server is running on from log output or from the
`EmbeddedWebApplicationContext` via its `EmbeddedServletContainer`. The best way to get
that and be sure that it has initialized is to add a `@Bean` of type
`ApplicationListener<EmbeddedServletContainerInitializedEvent>` and pull the container
out of the event when it is published.

A useful practice for use with `@WebIntegrationTest` is to set `server.port=0`
and then inject the actual ('`local`') port as a `@Value`. For example:

[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
	@SpringApplicationConfiguration(classes = SampleDataJpaApplication.class)
	@WebIntegrationTest("server.port:0")
	public class CityRepositoryIntegrationTests {

		@Autowired
		EmbeddedWebApplicationContext server;

		@Value("${local.server.port}")
		int port;

		// ...

	}
----



[[howto-configure-ssl]]
=== Configure SSL
SSL can be configured declaratively by setting the various `+server.ssl.*+` properties,
typically in `application.properties` or `application.yml`. For example:

[source,properties,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	server.port=8443
	server.ssl.key-store=classpath:keystore.jks
	server.ssl.key-store-password=secret
	server.ssl.key-password=another-secret
----

See {sc-spring-boot}/context/embedded/Ssl.{sc-ext}[`Ssl`] for details of all of the
supported properties.

NOTE: Tomcat requires the key store (and trust store if you're using one) to be directly
accessible on the filesystem, i.e. it cannot be read from within a jar file. This
limitation doesn't apply to Jetty and Undertow.

Using configuration like the example above means the application will no longer support
plain HTTP connector at port 8080. Spring Boot doesn't support the configuration of both
an HTTP connector and an HTTPS connector via `application.properties`. If you want to
have both then you'll need to configure one of them programmatically. It's recommended
to use `application.properties` to configure HTTPS as the HTTP connector is the easier of
the two to configure programmatically. See the
{github-code}/spring-boot-samples/spring-boot-sample-tomcat-multi-connectors[`spring-boot-sample-tomcat-multi-connectors`]
sample project for an example.



[[howto-configure-tomcat]]
=== Configure Tomcat
Generally you can follow the advice from
_<<howto-discover-build-in-options-for-external-properties>>_ about
`@ConfigurationProperties` (`ServerProperties` is the main one here), but also look at
`EmbeddedServletContainerCustomizer` and various Tomcat-specific `+*Customizers+` that you
can add in one of those. The Tomcat APIs are quite rich so once you have access to the
`TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory` you can modify it in a number of ways. Or the
nuclear option is to add your own `TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory`.



[[howto-enable-multiple-connectors-in-tomcat]]
=== Enable Multiple Connectors with Tomcat
Add a `org.apache.catalina.connector.Connector` to the
`TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory` which can allow multiple connectors, e.g. HTTP and
HTTPS connector:

[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	@Bean
	public EmbeddedServletContainerFactory servletContainer() {
		TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory tomcat = new TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory();
		tomcat.addAdditionalTomcatConnectors(createSslConnector());
		return tomcat;
	}

	private Connector createSslConnector() {
		Connector connector = new Connector("org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11NioProtocol");
		Http11NioProtocol protocol = (Http11NioProtocol) connector.getProtocolHandler();
		try {
			File keystore = new ClassPathResource("keystore").getFile();
			File truststore = new ClassPathResource("keystore").getFile();
			connector.setScheme("https");
			connector.setSecure(true);
			connector.setPort(8443);
			protocol.setSSLEnabled(true);
			protocol.setKeystoreFile(keystore.getAbsolutePath());
			protocol.setKeystorePass("changeit");
			protocol.setTruststoreFile(truststore.getAbsolutePath());
			protocol.setTruststorePass("changeit");
			protocol.setKeyAlias("apitester");
			return connector;
		}
		catch (IOException ex) {
			throw new IllegalStateException("can't access keystore: [" + "keystore"
					+ "] or truststore: [" + "keystore" + "]", ex);
		}
	}
----



[[howto-use-tomcat-behind-a-proxy-server]]
=== Use Tomcat behind a front-end proxy server
Spring Boot will automatically configure Tomcat's `RemoteIpValve` if you enable it. This
allows you to transparently use the standard `x-forwarded-for` and `x-forwarded-proto`
headers that most front-end proxy servers add. The valve is switched on by setting one or
both of these properties to something non-empty (these are the conventional values used by
most proxies, and if you only set one the other will be set automatically):

[indent=0]
----
	server.tomcat.remote_ip_header=x-forwarded-for
	server.tomcat.protocol_header=x-forwarded-proto
----

If your proxy uses different headers you can customize the valve's configuration by adding
some entries to `application.properties`, e.g.

[indent=0]
----
	server.tomcat.remote_ip_header=x-your-remote-ip-header
	server.tomcat.protocol_header=x-your-protocol-header
----

The valve is also configured with a default regular expression that matches internal
proxies that are to be trusted. By default, IP addresses in 10/8, 192.168/16, 169.254/16
and 127/8 are trusted. You can customize the valve's configuration by adding an entry
to `application.properties`, e.g.

[indent=0]
----
	server.tomcat.internal_proxies=192\\.168\\.\\d{1,3}\\.\\d{1,3}
----

NOTE: The double backslashes are only required when you're using a properties file for
configuration. If you are using YAML, single backslashes are sufficient and a value
that's equivalent to the one shown above would be `192\.168\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}`.

Alternatively, you can take complete control of the configuration of the `RemoteIpValve`
by configuring and adding it in a `TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory` bean.



[[howto-use-jetty-instead-of-tomcat]]
=== Use Jetty instead of Tomcat
The Spring Boot starters (`spring-boot-starter-web` in particular) use Tomcat as an
embedded container by default. You need to exclude those dependencies and include the
Jetty one instead. Spring Boot provides Tomcat and Jetty dependencies bundled together
as separate starters to help make this process as easy as possible.

Example in Maven:

[source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	<dependency>
		<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
		<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
		<exclusions>
			<exclusion>
				<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
				<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-tomcat</artifactId>
			</exclusion>
		</exclusions>
	</dependency>
	<dependency>
		<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
		<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-jetty</artifactId>
	</dependency>
----

Example in Gradle:

[source,groovy,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	configurations {
		compile.exclude module: "spring-boot-starter-tomcat"
	}

	dependencies {
		compile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web:{spring-boot-version}")
		compile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-jetty:{spring-boot-version}")
		// ...
	}
----



[[howto-configure-jetty]]
=== Configure Jetty
Generally you can follow the advice from
_<<howto-discover-build-in-options-for-external-properties>>_ about
`@ConfigurationProperties` (`ServerProperties` is the main one here), but also look at
`EmbeddedServletContainerCustomizer`. The Jetty APIs are quite rich so once you have
access to the `JettyEmbeddedServletContainerFactory` you can modify it in a number
of ways. Or the nuclear option is to add your own `JettyEmbeddedServletContainerFactory`.



[[howto-use-undertow-instead-of-tomcat]]
=== Use Undertow instead of Tomcat
Using Undertow instead of Tomcat is very similar to <<howto-use-jetty-instead-of-tomcat,
using Jetty instead of Tomcat>>. You need to exclude the Tomcat dependencies and include
the Undertow starter instead.

Example in Maven:

[source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	<dependency>
		<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
		<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
		<exclusions>
			<exclusion>
				<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
				<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-tomcat</artifactId>
			</exclusion>
		</exclusions>
	</dependency>
	<dependency>
		<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
		<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-undertow</artifactId>
	</dependency>
----

Example in Gradle:

[source,groovy,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	configurations {
		compile.exclude module: "spring-boot-starter-tomcat"
	}

	dependencies {
		compile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web:{spring-boot-version}")
		compile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-undertow:{spring-boot-version}")
		// ...
	}
----



[[howto-configure-undertow]]
=== Configure Undertow
Generally you can follow the advice from
_<<howto-discover-build-in-options-for-external-properties>>_ about
`@ConfigurationProperties` (`ServerProperties` and `ServerProperties.Undertow` are the
main ones here), but also look at
`EmbeddedServletContainerCustomizer`. Once you have access to the
`UndertowEmbeddedServletContainerFactory` you can use an `UndertowBuilderCustomizer` to
modify Undertow's configuration to meet your needs. Or the nuclear option is to add your
own `UndertowEmbeddedServletContainerFactory`.



[[howto-enable-multiple-listeners-in-undertow]]
=== Enable Multiple Listeners with Undertow
Add an `UndertowBuilderCustomizer` to the `UndertowEmbeddedServletContainerFactory` and
add a listener to the `Builder`:

[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	@Bean
	public UndertowEmbeddedServletContainerFactory embeddedServletContainerFactory() {
		UndertowEmbeddedServletContainerFactory factory = new UndertowEmbeddedServletContainerFactory();
		factory.addBuilderCustomizers(new UndertowBuilderCustomizer() {

			@Override
			public void customize(Builder builder) {
				builder.addHttpListener(8080, "0.0.0.0");
			}

		});
		return factory;
	}
----



[[howto-use-tomcat-7]]
=== Use Tomcat 7
Tomcat 7 works with Spring Boot, but the default is to use Tomcat 8. If you cannot use
Tomcat 8 (for example, because you are using Java 1.6) you will need to change your
classpath to reference Tomcat 7 .



==== Use Tomcat 7 with Maven
[[howto-use-tomcat-7-maven]]

If you are using the starter poms and parent you can just change the Tomcat version
property, e.g. for a simple webapp or service:

[source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	<properties>
		<tomcat.version>7.0.59</tomcat.version>
	</properties>
	<dependencies>
		...
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
		</dependency>
		...
	</dependencies>
----



==== Use Tomcat 7 with Gradle
[[howto-use-tomcat-7-gradle]]

You can change the Tomcat version by setting the `tomcat.version` property:

[source,groovy,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	ext['tomcat.version'] = '7.0.59'
	dependencies {
		compile 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web'
	}
----



[[howto-use-jetty-8]]
=== Use Jetty 8
Jetty 8 works with Spring Boot, but the default is to use Jetty 9. If you cannot use
Jetty 9 (for example, because you are using Java 1.6) you will need to change your
classpath to reference Jetty 8. You will also need to exclude Jetty's WebSocket-related
dependencies.



[[howto-use-jetty-8-maven]]
==== Use Jetty 8 with Maven

If you are using the starter poms and parent you can just add the Jetty starter with
the required WebSocket exclusion and change the version properties, e.g. for a simple
webapp or service:

[source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	<properties>
		<jetty.version>8.1.15.v20140411</jetty.version>
		<jetty-jsp.version>2.2.0.v201112011158</jetty-jsp.version>
	</properties>
	<dependencies>
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
			<exclusions>
				<exclusion>
					<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
					<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-tomcat</artifactId>
				</exclusion>
			</exclusions>
		</dependency>
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-jetty</artifactId>
			<exclusions>
				<exclusion>
					<groupId>org.eclipse.jetty.websocket</groupId>
					<artifactId>*</artifactId>
				</exclusion>
			</exclusions>
		</dependency>
	</dependencies>
----



[[howto-use-jetty-8-gradle]]
==== Use Jetty 8 with Gradle

You can set the `jetty.version` property and exclude the WebSocket dependency, e.g. for a
simple webapp or service:

[source,groovy,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	ext['jetty.version'] = '8.1.15.v20140411'
	dependencies {
		compile ('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web') {
			exclude group: 'org.springframework.boot', module: 'spring-boot-starter-tomcat'
		}
		compile ('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-jetty') {
			exclude group: 'org.eclipse.jetty.websocket'
		}
	}
----



[[howto-create-websocket-endpoints-using-serverendpoint]]
=== Create WebSocket endpoints using @ServerEndpoint
If you want to use `@ServerEndpoint` in a Spring Boot application that used an embedded
container, you must declare a single `ServerEndpointExporter` `@Bean`:

[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	@Bean
	public ServerEndpointExporter serverEndpointExporter() {
		return new ServerEndpointExporter();
	}
----

This bean will register any `@ServerEndpoint` annotated beans with the underlying
WebSocket container. When deployed to a standalone servlet container this role is
performed by a servlet container initializer and the `ServerEndpointExporter` bean is
not required.



[[how-to-enable-http-response-compression]]
=== Enable HTTP response compression
HTTP response compression is supported by Jetty, Tomcat, and Undertow. It can be enabled
via `application.properties`:

[source,properties,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	server.compression.enabled=true
----

By default, responses must be at least 2048 bytes in length for compression to be
performed. This can be configured using the `server.compression.min-response-size`
property.

By default, responses will only be compressed if their content type is one of the
following:

 - `text/html`
 - `text/xml`
 - `text/plain`
 - `text/css`

This can be configured using the `server.compression.mime-types` property.



[[howto-spring-mvc]]
== Spring MVC



[[howto-write-a-json-rest-service]]
=== Write a JSON REST service
Any Spring `@RestController` in a Spring Boot application should render JSON response by
default as long as Jackson2 is on the classpath. For example:

[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	@RestController
	public class MyController {

		@RequestMapping("/thing")
		public MyThing thing() {
				return new MyThing();
		}

	}
----

As long as `MyThing` can be serialized by Jackson2 (e.g. a normal POJO or Groovy object)
then `http://localhost:8080/thing` will serve a JSON representation of it by default.
Sometimes in a browser you might see XML responses because browsers tend to send accept
headers that prefer XML.



[[howto-write-an-xml-rest-service]]
=== Write an XML REST service
If you have the Jackson XML extension (`jackson-dataformat-xml`) on the classpath, it will
be used to render XML responses and the very same example as we used for JSON would work.
To use it, add the following dependency to your project:

[source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	<dependency>
		<groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.dataformat</groupId>
		<artifactId>jackson-dataformat-xml</artifactId>
	</dependency>
----

You may also want to add a dependency on Woodstox. It's faster than the default Stax
implementation provided by the JDK and also adds pretty print support and improved
namespace handling:

[source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	<dependency>
		<groupId>org.codehaus.woodstox</groupId>
		<artifactId>woodstox-core-asl</artifactId>
	</dependency>
----

If Jackson's XML extension is not available, JAXB (provided by default in the JDK) will
be used, with the additional requirement to have `MyThing` annotated as
`@XmlRootElement`:

[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	@XmlRootElement
	public class MyThing {
		private String name;
		// .. getters and setters
	}
----

To get the server to render XML instead of JSON you might have to send an
`Accept: text/xml` header (or use a browser).



[[howto-customize-the-jackson-objectmapper]]
=== Customize the Jackson ObjectMapper
Spring MVC (client and server side) uses `HttpMessageConverters` to negotiate content
conversion in an HTTP exchange. If Jackson is on the classpath you already get the
default converter(s) provided by `Jackson2ObjectMapperBuilder`.

The `ObjectMapper` (or `XmlMapper` for Jackson XML converter) instance created by default
have the following customized properties:

* `MapperFeature.DEFAULT_VIEW_INCLUSION` is disabled
* `DeserializationFeature.FAIL_ON_UNKNOWN_PROPERTIES` is disabled

Spring Boot has also some features to make it easier to customize this behavior.

You can configure the `ObjectMapper` and `XmlMapper` instances using the environment.
Jackson provides an extensive suite of simple on/off features that can be used to
configure various aspects of its processing. These features are described in six enums in
Jackson which map onto properties in the environment:

|===
|Jackson enum|Environment property

|`com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.DeserializationFeature`
|`spring.jackson.deserialization.<feature_name>=true\|false`

|`com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonGenerator.Feature`
|`spring.jackson.generator.<feature_name>=true\|false`

|`com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.MapperFeature`
|`spring.jackson.mapper.<feature_name>=true\|false`

|`com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonParser.Feature`
|`spring.jackson.parser.<feature_name>=true\|false`

|`com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.SerializationFeature`
|`spring.jackson.serialization.<feature_name>=true\|false`

|`com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonInclude.Include`
|`spring.jackson.serialization-inclusion=always\|non_null\|non_default\|non_empty`
|===

For example, to enable pretty print, set `spring.jackson.serialization.indent_output=true`.
Note that, thanks to the use of <<boot-features-external-config-relaxed-binding,
relaxed binding>>, the case of `indent_output` doesn't have to match the case of the
corresponding enum constant which is `INDENT_OUTPUT`.

If you want to replace the default `ObjectMapper` completely, define a `@Bean` of that
type and mark it as `@Primary`.

Defining a `@Bean` of type `Jackson2ObjectMapperBuilder` will allow you to customize both
default `ObjectMapper` and `XmlMapper` (used in `MappingJackson2HttpMessageConverter` and
`MappingJackson2XmlHttpMessageConverter` respectively).

Another way to customize Jackson is to add beans of type
`com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.Module` to your context. They will be registered with every
bean of type `ObjectMapper`, providing a global mechanism for contributing custom modules
when you add new features to your application.

Finally, if you provide any `@Beans` of type `MappingJackson2HttpMessageConverter` then
they will replace the default value in the MVC configuration. Also, a convenience bean is
provided of type `HttpMessageConverters` (always available if you use the default MVC
configuration) which has some useful methods to access the default and user-enhanced
message converters.

See also the _<<howto-customize-the-responsebody-rendering>>_ section and the
{sc-spring-boot-autoconfigure}/web/WebMvcAutoConfiguration.{sc-ext}[`WebMvcAutoConfiguration`]
source code for more details.



[[howto-customize-the-responsebody-rendering]]
=== Customize the @ResponseBody rendering
Spring uses `HttpMessageConverters` to render `@ResponseBody` (or responses from
`@RestController`). You can contribute additional converters by simply adding beans of
that type in a Spring Boot context. If a bean you add is of a type that would have been
included by default anyway (like `MappingJackson2HttpMessageConverter` for JSON
conversions) then it will replace the default value. A convenience bean is provided of
type `HttpMessageConverters` (always available if you use the default MVC configuration)
which has some useful methods to access the default and user-enhanced message converters
(useful, for example if you want to manually inject them into a custom `RestTemplate`).

As in normal MVC usage, any `WebMvcConfigurerAdapter` beans that you provide can also
contribute converters by overriding the `configureMessageConverters` method, but unlike
with normal MVC, you can supply only additional converters that you need (because Spring
Boot uses the same mechanism to contribute its defaults). Finally, if you opt-out of the
Spring Boot default MVC configuration by providing your own `@EnableWebMvc` configuration,
then you can take control completely and do everything manually using
`getMessageConverters` from `WebMvcConfigurationSupport`.

See the {sc-spring-boot-autoconfigure}/web/WebMvcAutoConfiguration.{sc-ext}[`WebMvcAutoConfiguration`]
source code for more details.



[[howto-multipart-file-upload-configuration]]
=== Handling Multipart File Uploads
Spring Boot embraces the Servlet 3 `javax.servlet.http.Part` API to support uploading
files. By default Spring Boot configures Spring MVC with a maximum file of 1Mb per
file and a maximum of 10Mb of file data in a single request. You may override these
values, as well as the location to which intermediate data is stored (e.g., to the `/tmp`
directory) and the threshold past which data is flushed to disk by using the properties
exposed in the `MultipartProperties` class. If you want to specify that files be
unlimited, for example, set the `multipart.maxFileSize` property to `-1`.

The multipart support is helpful when you want to receive multipart encoded file data as
a `@RequestParam`-annotated parameter of type `MultipartFile` in a Spring MVC controller
handler method.

See the {sc-spring-boot-autoconfigure}/web/MultipartAutoConfiguration.{sc-ext}[`MultipartAutoConfiguration`]
source for more details.



[[howto-switch-off-the-spring-mvc-dispatcherservlet]]
=== Switch off the Spring MVC DispatcherServlet
Spring Boot wants to serve all content from the root of your application `/` down. If you
would rather map your own servlet to that URL you can do it, but of course you may lose
some of the other Boot MVC features. To add your own servlet and map it to the root
resource just declare a `@Bean` of type `Servlet` and give it the special bean name
`dispatcherServlet` (You can also create a bean of a different type with that name if
you want to switch it off and not replace it).



[[howto-switch-off-default-mvc-configuration]]
=== Switch off the Default MVC configuration
The easiest way to take complete control over MVC configuration is to provide your own
`@Configuration` with the `@EnableWebMvc` annotation. This will leave all MVC
configuration in your hands.



[[howto-customize-view-resolvers]]
=== Customize ViewResolvers
A `ViewResolver` is a core component of Spring MVC, translating view names in
`@Controller` to actual `View` implementations. Note that `ViewResolvers` are mainly
used in UI applications, rather than REST-style services (a `View` is not used to render
a `@ResponseBody`). There are many implementations of `ViewResolver` to choose from, and
Spring on its own is not opinionated about which ones you should use. Spring Boot, on the
other hand, installs one or two for you depending on what it finds on the classpath and
in the application context. The `DispatcherServlet` uses all the resolvers it finds in
the application context, trying each one in turn until it gets a result, so if you are
adding your own you have to be aware of the order and in which position your resolver is
added.

`WebMvcAutoConfiguration` adds the following `ViewResolvers` to your context:

* An `InternalResourceViewResolver` with bean id '`defaultViewResolver`'. This one locates
  physical resources that can be rendered using the `DefaultServlet` (e.g. static
  resources and JSP pages if you are using those). It applies a prefix and a suffix to the
  view name and then looks for a physical resource with that path in the servlet context
  (defaults are both empty, but accessible for external configuration via
  `spring.mvc.view.prefix` and `spring.mvc.view.suffix`). It can be overridden by providing a
  bean of the same type.
* A `BeanNameViewResolver` with id '`beanNameViewResolver`'. This is a useful member of the
  view resolver chain and will pick up any beans with the same name as the `View` being
  resolved. It shouldn't be necessary to override or replace it.
* A `ContentNegotiatingViewResolver` with id '`viewResolver`' is only added if there *are*
  actually beans of type `View` present. This is a '`master`' resolver, delegating to all
  the others and attempting to find a match to the '`Accept`' HTTP header sent by the
  client. There is a useful
  https://spring.io/blog/2013/06/03/content-negotiation-using-views[blog about `ContentNegotiatingViewResolver`]
  that you might like to study to learn more, and also look at the source code for detail.
  You can switch off the auto-configured
  `ContentNegotiatingViewResolver` by defining a bean named '`viewResolver`'.
* If you use Thymeleaf you will also have a `ThymeleafViewResolver` with id
  '`thymeleafViewResolver`'. It looks for resources by surrounding the view name with a
  prefix and suffix (externalized to `spring.thymeleaf.prefix` and
  `spring.thymeleaf.suffix`, defaults '`classpath:/templates/`' and '`.html`'
  respectively). It can be overridden by providing a bean of the same name.
* If you use FreeMarker you will also have a `FreeMarkerViewResolver` with id
  '`freeMarkerViewResolver`'. It looks for resources in a loader path (externalized to
  `spring.freemarker.templateLoaderPath`, default '`classpath:/templates/`') by
  surrounding the view name with a prefix and suffix (externalized to `spring.freemarker.prefix`
  and `spring.freemarker.suffix`, with empty and '`.ftl`' defaults respectively). It can
  be overridden by providing a bean of the same name.
* If you use Groovy templates (actually if groovy-templates is on your classpath) you will
  also have a `GroovyMarkupViewResolver` with id '`groovyMarkupViewResolver`'. It
  looks for resources in a loader path by surrounding the view name with a prefix and
  suffix (externalized to `spring.groovy.template.prefix` and
  `spring.groovy.template.suffix`, defaults '`classpath:/templates/`' and '`.tpl`'
  respectively). It can be overriden by providing a bean of the same name.
* If you use Velocity you will also have a `VelocityViewResolver` with id '`velocityViewResolver`'.
  It looks for resources in a loader path (externalized to `spring.velocity.resourceLoaderPath`,
  default '`classpath:/templates/`') by surrounding the view name with a prefix and suffix
  (externalized to `spring.velocity.prefix` and `spring.velocity.suffix`, with empty  and '`.vm`'
  defaults respectively). It can be overridden by providing a bean of the same name.

Check out {sc-spring-boot-autoconfigure}/web/WebMvcAutoConfiguration.{sc-ext}[`WebMvcAutoConfiguration`],
{sc-spring-boot-autoconfigure}/thymeleaf/ThymeleafAutoConfiguration.{sc-ext}[`ThymeleafAutoConfiguration`],
{sc-spring-boot-autoconfigure}/freemarker/FreeMarkerAutoConfiguration.{sc-ext}[`FreeMarkerAutoConfiguration`],
{sc-spring-boot-autoconfigure}/groovy/template/GroovyTemplateAutoConfiguration.{sc-ext}[`GroovyTemplateAutoConfiguration`] and
{sc-spring-boot-autoconfigure}/velocity/VelocityAutoConfiguration.{sc-ext}[`VelocityAutoConfiguration`]



[[howto-logging]]
== Logging

Spring Boot has no mandatory logging dependence, except for the `commons-logging` API, of
which there are many implementations to choose from. To use http://logback.qos.ch[Logback]
you need to include it, and some bindings for `commons-logging` on the classpath. The
simplest way to do that is through the starter poms which all depend on
`spring-boot-starter-logging`. For a web application you only need
`spring-boot-starter-web` since it depends transitively on the logging starter.
For example, using Maven:

[source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	<dependency>
		<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
		<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
	</dependency>
----

Spring Boot has a `LoggingSystem` abstraction that attempts to configure logging based on
the content of the classpath. If Logback is available it is the first choice.

If the only change you need to make to logging is to set the levels of various loggers
then you can do that in `application.properties` using the "logging.level" prefix, e.g.

[source,properties,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	logging.level.org.springframework.web=DEBUG
	logging.level.org.hibernate=ERROR
----

You can also set the location of a file to log to (in addition to the console) using
"logging.file".

To configure the more fine-grained settings of a logging system you need to use the native
configuration format supported by the `LoggingSystem` in question. By default Spring Boot
picks up the native configuration from its default location for the system (e.g.
`classpath:logback.xml` for Logback), but you can set the location of the config file
using the "logging.config" property.



[[howto-configure-logback-for-loggin]]
=== Configure Logback for logging
If you put a `logback.xml` in the root of your classpath it will be picked up from
there 
(or `logback-spring.xml` to take advantage of the templating features provided by Boot). Spring Boot provides a default base configuration that you can include if you just
want to set levels, e.g.

[source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
	<configuration>
		<include resource="org/springframework/boot/logging/logback/base.xml"/>
		<logger name="org.springframework.web" level="DEBUG"/>
	</configuration>
----

If you look at that `base.xml` in the spring-boot jar, you will see that it uses
some useful System properties which the `LoggingSystem` takes care of creating for you.
These are:

* `${PID}` the current process ID.
* `${LOG_FILE}` if `logging.file` was set in Boot's external configuration.
* `${LOG_PATH}` if `logging.path` was set (representing a directory for
   log files to live in).
* `${LOG_EXCEPTION_CONVERSION_WORD}` if `logging.exception-conversion-word` was set in
   Boot's external configuration.

Spring Boot also provides some nice ANSI colour terminal output on a console (but not in
a log file) using a custom Logback converter. See the default `base.xml` configuration
for details.

If Groovy is on the classpath you should be able to configure Logback with
`logback.groovy` as well (it will be given preference if present).



[[howto-configure-log4j-for-logging]]
=== Configure Log4j for logging
Spring Boot also supports either http://logging.apache.org/log4j/1.2[Log4j] or
http://logging.apache.org/log4j/2.x[Log4j 2] for logging configuration, but only if one
of them is on the classpath. If you are using the starter poms for assembling
dependencies that means you have to exclude Logback and then include your chosen version
of Log4j instead. If you aren't using the starter poms then you need to provide
`commons-logging` (at least) in addition to your chosen version of Log4j.

The simplest path is probably through the starter poms, even though it requires some
jiggling with excludes, .e.g. in Maven:

[source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	<dependency>
		<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
		<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
	</dependency>
	<dependency>
		<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
		<artifactId>spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
		<exclusions>
			<exclusion>
				<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
				<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-logging</artifactId>
			</exclusion>
		</exclusions>
	</dependency>
	<dependency>
		<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
		<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-log4j</artifactId>
	</dependency>
----

To use Log4j 2, simply depend on `spring-boot-starter-log4j2` rather than
`spring-boot-starter-log4j`.

NOTE: The use of one of the Log4j starters gathers together the dependencies for
common logging requirements (e.g. including having Tomcat use `java.util.logging` but
configuring the output using Log4j or Log4j 2). See the Actuator Log4j or Log4j 2
samples for more detail and to see it in action.



[[howto-configure-log4j-for-logging-yaml-or-json-config]]
==== Use YAML or JSON to configure Log4j 2
In addition to its default XML configuration format, Log4j 2 also supports YAML and JSON
configuration files. To configure Log4j 2 to use an alternative configuration file format
all you need to do is add an appropriate dependency to the classpath. To use YAML, add a
dependency on `com.fasterxml.jackson.dataformat:jackson-dataformat-yaml` and Log4j 2 will
look for configuration files names `log4j2.yaml` or `log4j2.yml`. To use JSON, add a
dependency on `com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-databind` and Log4j 2 will look for
configuration files named `log4j2.json` or `log4j2.jsn`



[[howto-data-access]]
== Data Access



[[howto-configure-a-datasource]]
=== Configure a DataSource
To override the default settings just define a `@Bean` of your own of type `DataSource`.
Spring Boot provides a utility builder class `DataSourceBuilder` that can be used
to create one of the standard ones (if it is on the classpath), or you can just create
your own, and bind it to a set of `Environment` properties as explained in
<<spring-boot-features.adoc#boot-features-external-config-3rd-party-configuration>>, e.g.

[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	@Bean
	@ConfigurationProperties(prefix="datasource.mine")
	public DataSource dataSource() {
		return new FancyDataSource();
	}
----

[source,properties,indent=0]
----
	datasource.mine.jdbcUrl=jdbc:h2:mem:mydb
	datasource.mine.user=sa
	datasource.mine.poolSize=30
----

See _<<spring-boot-features.adoc#boot-features-configure-datasource>>_ in the
'`Spring Boot features`' section and the
{sc-spring-boot-autoconfigure}/jdbc/DataSourceAutoConfiguration.{sc-ext}[`DataSourceAutoConfiguration`]
class for more details.



[[howto-two-datasources]]
=== Configure Two DataSources
Creating more than one data source works the same as creating the first one. You might
want to mark one of them as `@Primary` if you are using the default auto-configuration for
JDBC or JPA (then that one will be picked up by any `@Autowired` injections).

[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	@Bean
	@Primary
	@ConfigurationProperties(prefix="datasource.primary")
	public DataSource primaryDataSource() {
		return DataSourceBuilder.create().build();
	}

	@Bean
	@ConfigurationProperties(prefix="datasource.secondary")
	public DataSource secondaryDataSource() {
		return DataSourceBuilder.create().build();
	}
----



[[howto-use-spring-data-repositories]]
=== Use Spring Data repositories
Spring Data can create implementations for you of `@Repository` interfaces of various
flavors. Spring Boot will handle all of that for you as long as those `@Repositories`
are included in the same package (or a sub-package) of your `@EnableAutoConfiguration`
class.

For many applications all you will need is to put the right Spring Data dependencies on
your classpath (there is a `spring-boot-starter-data-jpa` for JPA and a
`spring-boot-starter-data-mongodb` for Mongodb), create some repository interfaces to handle your
`@Entity` objects. Examples are in the {github-code}/spring-boot-samples/spring-boot-sample-data-jpa[JPA sample]
or the {github-code}/spring-boot-samples/spring-boot-sample-data-mongodb[Mongodb sample].

Spring Boot tries to guess the location of your `@Repository` definitions, based on the
`@EnableAutoConfiguration` it finds. To get more control, use the `@EnableJpaRepositories`
annotation (from Spring Data JPA).


[[howto-separate-entity-definitions-from-spring-configuration]]
=== Separate @Entity definitions from Spring configuration
Spring Boot tries to guess the location of your `@Entity` definitions, based on the
`@EnableAutoConfiguration` it finds. To get more control, you can use the `@EntityScan`
annotation, e.g.

[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	@Configuration
	@EnableAutoConfiguration
	@EntityScan(basePackageClasses=City.class)
	public class Application {

		//...

	}
----



[[howto-configure-jpa-properties]]
=== Configure JPA properties
Spring Data JPA already provides some vendor-independent configuration options (e.g.
for SQL logging) and Spring Boot exposes those, and a few more for hibernate as external
configuration properties. The most common options to set are:

[indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto: create-drop
	spring.jpa.hibernate.naming_strategy: org.hibernate.cfg.ImprovedNamingStrategy
	spring.jpa.database: H2
	spring.jpa.show-sql: true
----

(Because of relaxed data binding hyphens or underscores should work equally well as
property keys.) The `ddl-auto` setting is a special case in that it has different
defaults depending on whether you are using an embedded database (`create-drop`) or not
(`none`). In addition all properties in `+spring.jpa.properties.*+` are passed through as
normal JPA properties (with the prefix stripped) when the local `EntityManagerFactory` is
created.

See {sc-spring-boot-autoconfigure}/orm/jpa/HibernateJpaAutoConfiguration.{sc-ext}[`HibernateJpaAutoConfiguration`]
and {sc-spring-boot-autoconfigure}/orm/jpa/JpaBaseConfiguration.{sc-ext}[`JpaBaseConfiguration`]
for more details.



[[howto-use-custom-entity-manager]]
=== Use a custom EntityManagerFactory
To take full control of the configuration of the `EntityManagerFactory`, you need to add
a `@Bean` named '`entityManagerFactory`'. Spring Boot auto-configuration switches off its
entity manager based on the presence of a bean of that type.



[[howto-use-two-entity-managers]]
=== Use Two EntityManagers

Even if the default `EntityManagerFactory` works fine, you will need to define a new one
because otherwise the presence of the second bean of that type will switch off the
default. To make it easy to do that you can use the convenient `EntityManagerBuilder`
provided by Spring Boot, or if you prefer you can just use the
`LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean` directly from Spring ORM.

Example:

[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	// add two data sources configured as above

	@Bean
	public LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean customerEntityManagerFactory(
			EntityManagerFactoryBuilder builder) {
		return builder
				.dataSource(customerDataSource())
				.packages(Customer.class)
				.persistenceUnit("customers")
				.build();
	}

	@Bean
	public LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean orderEntityManagerFactory(
			EntityManagerFactoryBuilder builder) {
		return builder
				.dataSource(orderDataSource())
				.packages(Order.class)
				.persistenceUnit("orders")
				.build();
	}

----

The configuration above almost works on its own. To complete the picture you need to
configure `TransactionManagers` for the two `EntityManagers` as well. One of them could
be picked up by the default `JpaTransactionManager` in Spring Boot if you mark it as
`@Primary`. The other would have to be explicitly injected into a new instance. Or you
might be able to use a JTA transaction manager spanning both.

If you are using Spring Data, you need to configure `@EnableJpaRepositories` accordingly:

[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----

	@Configuration
	@EnableJpaRepositories(basePackageClasses = Customer.class,
			entityManagerFactoryRef = "customerEntityManagerFactory")
	public class CustomerConfiguration {
		...
	}

	@Configuration
	@EnableJpaRepositories(basePackageClasses = Order.class,
			entityManagerFactoryRef = "orderEntityManagerFactory")
	public class OrderConfiguration {
		...
	}


----


[[howto-use-traditional-persistence-xml]]
=== Use a traditional persistence.xml
Spring doesn't require the use of XML to configure the JPA provider, and Spring Boot
assumes you want to take advantage of that feature. If you prefer to use `persistence.xml`
then you need to define your own `@Bean` of type `LocalEntityManagerFactoryBean` (with
id '`entityManagerFactory`', and set the persistence unit name there.

See
https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-boot/blob/master/spring-boot-autoconfigure/src/main/java/org/springframework/boot/autoconfigure/orm/jpa/JpaBaseConfiguration.java[`JpaBaseConfiguration`]
for the default settings.



[[howto-use-spring-data-jpa--and-mongo-repositories]]
=== Use Spring Data JPA and Mongo repositories

Spring Data JPA and Spring Data Mongo can both create `Repository` implementations for you
automatically. If they are both present on the classpath, you might have to do some extra
configuration to tell Spring Boot which one (or both) you want to create repositories for
you. The most explicit way to do that is to use the standard Spring Data
`+@Enable*Repositories+` and tell it the location of your `Repository` interfaces
(where '`*`' is '`Jpa`' or '`Mongo`' or both).

There are also flags `+spring.data.*.repositories.enabled+` that you can use to switch the
auto-configured repositories on and off in external configuration.  This is useful for
instance in case you want to switch off the Mongo repositories and still use the
auto-configured `MongoTemplate`.

The same obstacle and the same features exist for other auto-configured Spring Data
repository types (Elasticsearch, Solr). Just change the names of the annotations and flags
respectively.



[[howto-use-exposing-spring-data-repositories-rest-endpoint]]
=== Expose Spring Data repositories as REST endpoint
Spring Data REST can expose the `Repository` implementations as REST endpoints for you as
long as Spring MVC has been enabled for the application.

Spring Boot exposes as set of useful properties from the `spring.data.rest` namespace that
customize the
{spring-data-rest-javadoc}/core/config/RepositoryRestConfiguration.{dc-ext}[`RepositoryRestConfiguration`].
If you need to provide additional customization, you should use a
{spring-data-rest-javadoc}/core/config/RepositoryRestConfigurer.{dc-ext}[`RepositoryRestConfigurer`]
bean.



[[howto-database-initialization]]
== Database initialization
An SQL database can be initialized in different ways depending on what your stack is. Or
of course you can do it manually as long as the database is a separate process.



[[howto-initialize-a-database-using-jpa]]
=== Initialize a database using JPA
JPA has features for DDL generation, and these can be set up to run on startup against the
database. This is controlled through two external properties:

* `spring.jpa.generate-ddl` (boolean) switches the feature on and off and is vendor
  independent.
* `spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto` (enum) is a Hibernate feature that controls the
  behavior in a more fine-grained way. See below for more detail.



[[howto-initialize-a-database-using-hibernate]]
=== Initialize a database using Hibernate
You can set `spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto` explicitly and the standard Hibernate property
values are `none`, `validate`, `update`, `create`, `create-drop`. Spring Boot chooses a
default value for you based on whether it thinks your database is embedded (default
`create-drop`) or not (default `none`). An embedded database is detected by looking at the
`Connection` type: `hsqldb`, `h2` and `derby` are embedded, the rest are not. Be careful
when switching from in-memory to a '`real`' database that you don't make assumptions about
the existence of the tables and data in the new platform. You either have to set `ddl-auto`
explicitly, or use one of the other mechanisms to initialize the database.

NOTE: You can output the schema creation by enabling the `org.hibernate.SQL` logger. This
is done for you automatically if you enable the <<boot-features-logging-console-output,debug mode>>.

In addition, a file named `import.sql` in the root of the classpath will be executed on
startup. This can be useful for demos and for testing if you are careful, but probably
not something you want to be on the classpath in production. It is a Hibernate feature
(nothing to do with Spring).


[[howto-intialize-a-database-using-spring-jdbc]]
=== Initialize a database using Spring JDBC
Spring JDBC has a `DataSource` initializer feature. Spring Boot enables it by default and
loads SQL from the standard locations `schema.sql` and `data.sql` (in the root of the
classpath). In addition Spring Boot will load the `schema-${platform}.sql`
and `data-${platform}.sql` files (if present), where
`platform` is the value of `spring.datasource.platform`, e.g. you might choose to set
it to the vendor name of the database (`hsqldb`, `h2`, `oracle`, `mysql`,
`postgresql` etc.). Spring Boot enables the failfast feature of the Spring JDBC
initializer by default, so if the scripts cause exceptions the application will fail
to start. The script locations can be changed by setting `spring.datasource.schema` and
`spring.datasource.data`, and neither location will be processed if
`spring.datasource.initialize=false`.

To disable the failfast you can set `spring.datasource.continueOnError=true`. This can be
useful once an application has matured and been deployed a few times, since the scripts
can act as '`poor man's migrations`' -- inserts that fail mean that the data is already
there, so there would be no need to prevent the application from running, for instance.

If you want to use the `schema.sql` initialization in a JPA app (with
Hibernate) then `ddl-auto=create-drop` will lead to errors if
Hibernate tries to create the same tables.  To avoid those errors set
`ddl-auto` explicitly to "" (preferable) or "none". Whether or not you use
`ddl-auto=create-drop` you can always use `data.sql` to initialize new
data.



[[howto-initialize-a-spring-batch-database]]
=== Initialize a Spring Batch database
If you are using Spring Batch then it comes pre-packaged with SQL initialization scripts
for most popular database platforms. Spring Boot will detect your database type, and
execute those scripts by default, and in this case will switch the fail fast setting to
false (errors are logged but do not prevent the application from starting). This is
because the scripts are known to be reliable and generally do not contain bugs, so errors
are ignorable, and ignoring them makes the scripts idempotent. You can switch off the
initialization explicitly using `spring.batch.initializer.enabled=false`.



[[howto-use-a-higher-level-database-migration-tool]]
=== Use a higher level database migration tool
Spring Boot works fine with higher level migration tools http://flywaydb.org/[Flyway]
(SQL-based) and http://www.liquibase.org/[Liquibase] (XML). In general we prefer
Flyway because it is easier on the eyes, and it isn't very common to need platform
independence: usually only one or at most couple of platforms is needed.

[[howto-execute-flyway-database-migrations-on-startup]]
==== Execute Flyway database migrations on startup
To automatically run Flyway database migrations on startup, add the
`org.flywaydb:flyway-core` to your classpath.

The migrations are scripts in the form `V<VERSION>__<NAME>.sql` (with `<VERSION>` an
underscore-separated version, e.g. '`1`' or '`2_1`'). By default they live in a folder
`classpath:db/migration` but you can modify that using `flyway.locations` (a list). See
the Flyway class from flyway-core for details of available settings like schemas etc. In
addition Spring Boot provides a small set of properties in
{sc-spring-boot-autoconfigure}/flyway/FlywayProperties.{sc-ext}[`FlywayProperties`]
that can be used to disable the migrations, or switch off the location checking.

By default Flyway will autowire the (`@Primary`) `DataSource` in your context and
use that for migrations. If you like to use a different `DataSource` you can create
one and mark its `@Bean` as `@FlywayDataSource` - if you do that remember to create
another one and mark it as `@Primary` if you want two data sources.
Or you can use Flyway's native `DataSource` by setting `flyway.[url,user,password]`
in external properties.

There is a {github-code}/spring-boot-samples/spring-boot-sample-flyway[Flyway sample] so
you can see how to set things up.



[[howto-execute-liquibase-database-migrations-on-startup]]
==== Execute Liquibase database migrations on startup
To automatically run Liquibase database migrations on startup, add the
`org.liquibase:liquibase-core` to your classpath.

The master change log is by default read from `db/changelog/db.changelog-master.yaml` but
can be set using `liquibase.change-log`. See
{sc-spring-boot-autoconfigure}/liquibase/LiquibaseProperties.{sc-ext}[`LiquibaseProperties`]
for details of available settings like contexts, default schema etc.

There is a {github-code}/spring-boot-samples/spring-boot-sample-liquibase[Liquibase sample] so
you can see how to set things up.



[[howto-batch-applications]]
== Batch applications



[[howto-execute-spring-batch-jobs-on-startup]]
=== Execute Spring Batch jobs on startup
Spring Batch auto configuration is enabled by adding `@EnableBatchProcessing`
(from Spring Batch) somewhere in your context.

By default it executes *all* `Jobs` in the application context on startup (see
{sc-spring-boot-autoconfigure}/batch/JobLauncherCommandLineRunner.{sc-ext}[JobLauncherCommandLineRunner]
for details). You can narrow down to a specific job or jobs by specifying
`spring.batch.job.names` (comma-separated job name patterns).

If the application context includes a `JobRegistry` then the jobs in
`spring.batch.job.names` are looked up in the registry instead of being autowired from the
context. This is a common pattern with more complex systems where multiple jobs are
defined in child contexts and registered centrally.

See
{sc-spring-boot-autoconfigure}/batch/BatchAutoConfiguration.{sc-ext}[BatchAutoConfiguration]
and
https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-batch/blob/master/spring-batch-core/src/main/java/org/springframework/batch/core/configuration/annotation/EnableBatchProcessing.java[@EnableBatchProcessing]
for more details.



[[howto-actuator]]
== Actuator



[[howto-change-the-http-port-or-address-of-the-actuator-endpoints]]
=== Change the HTTP port or address of the actuator endpoints
In a standalone application the Actuator HTTP port defaults to the same as the main HTTP
port. To make the application listen on a different port set the external property
`management.port`. To listen on a completely different network address (e.g. if you have
an internal network for management and an external one for user applications) you can
also set `management.address` to a valid IP address that the server is able to bind to.

For more detail look at the
{sc-spring-boot-actuator}/autoconfigure/ManagementServerProperties.{sc-ext}[`ManagementServerProperties`]
source code and
_<<production-ready-features.adoc#production-ready-customizing-management-server-port>>_
in the '`Production-ready features`' section.



[[howto-customize-the-whitelabel-error-page]]
=== Customize the '`whitelabel`' error page
Spring Boot installs a '`whitelabel`' error page that you will see in browser client if
you encounter a server error (machine clients consuming JSON and other media types should
see a sensible response with the right error code). To switch it off you can set
`error.whitelabel.enabled=false`, but normally in addition or alternatively to that you
will want to add your own error page replacing the whitelabel one. Exactly how you do this
depends on the templating technology that you are using. For example, if you are using
Thymeleaf you would add an `error.html` template and if you are using FreeMarker you would
add an `error.ftl` template. In general what you need is a `View` that resolves with a name
of `error`, and/or a `@Controller` that handles the `/error` path. Unless you replaced some
of the default configuration you should find a `BeanNameViewResolver` in your
`ApplicationContext` so a `@Bean` with id `error` would be a simple way of doing that.
Look at {sc-spring-boot-autoconfigure}/web/ErrorMvcAutoConfiguration.{sc-ext}[`ErrorMvcAutoConfiguration`] for more options.

See also the section on <<boot-features-error-handling, Error Handling>> for details of
how to register handlers in the servlet container.


[[howto-security]]
== Security


[[howto-switch-off-spring-boot-security-configuration]]
=== Switch off the Spring Boot security configuration
If you define a `@Configuration` with `@EnableWebSecurity` anywhere in your application
it will switch off the default webapp security settings in Spring Boot. To tweak the
defaults try setting properties in `+security.*+` (see
{sc-spring-boot-autoconfigure}/security/SecurityProperties.{sc-ext}[`SecurityProperties`]
for details of available settings) and `SECURITY` section of
<<common-application-properties-security,Common application properties>>.



[[howto-change-the-authenticationmanager-and-add-user-accounts]]
=== Change the AuthenticationManager and add user accounts
If you provide a `@Bean` of type `AuthenticationManager` the default one will not be
created, so you have the full feature set of Spring Security available (e.g.
http://docs.spring.io/spring-security/site/docs/current/reference/htmlsingle/#jc-authentication[various authentication options]).

Spring Security also provides a convenient `AuthenticationManagerBuilder` which can be
used to build an `AuthenticationManager` with common options. The recommended way to
use this in a webapp is to inject it into a void method in a
`WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter`, e.g.

[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	@Configuration
	public class SecurityConfiguration extends WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter {

		@Autowired
		public void configureGlobal(AuthenticationManagerBuilder auth) throws Exception {
				auth.inMemoryAuthentication()
					.withUser("barry").password("password").roles("USER"); // ... etc.
		}

		// ... other stuff for application security

	}
----

You will get the best results if you put this in a nested class, or a standalone class
(i.e. not mixed in with a lot of other `@Beans` that might be allowed to influence the
order of instantiation). The {github-code}/spring-boot-samples/spring-boot-sample-web-secure[secure web sample]
is a useful template to follow.

If you experience instantiation issues (e.g. using JDBC or JPA for the user detail store)
it might be worth extracting the `AuthenticationManagerBuilder` callback into a
`GlobalAuthenticationConfigurerAdapter` (in the `init()` method so it happens before the
authentication manager is needed elsewhere), e.g.

[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	@Configuration
	public class AuthenticationManagerConfiguration extends

		GlobalAuthenticationConfigurerAdapter {
		@Override
		public void init(AuthenticationManagerBuilder auth) {
			auth.inMemoryAuthentication() // ... etc.
		}

	}
----



[[howto-enable-https]]
=== Enable HTTPS when running behind a proxy server
Ensuring that all your main endpoints are only available over HTTPS is an important
chore for any application. If you are using Tomcat as a servlet container, then
Spring Boot will add Tomcat's own `RemoteIpValve` automatically if it detects some
environment settings, and you should be able to rely on the `HttpServletRequest` to
report whether it is secure or not (even downstream of a proxy server that handles the
real SSL termination). The standard behavior is determined by the presence or absence of
certain request headers (`x-forwarded-for` and `x-forwarded-proto`), whose names are
conventional, so it should work with most front end proxies. You can switch on the valve
by adding some entries to `application.properties`, e.g.

[source,properties,indent=0]
----
	server.tomcat.remote_ip_header=x-forwarded-for
	server.tomcat.protocol_header=x-forwarded-proto
----

(The presence of either of those properties will switch on the valve. Or you can add the
`RemoteIpValve` yourself by adding a `TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory` bean.)

Spring Security can also be configured to require a secure channel for all (or some
requests). To switch that on in a Spring Boot application you just need to set
`security.require_ssl` to `true` in `application.properties`.



[[howto-hotswapping]]
== Hot swapping



[[howto-reload-static-content]]
=== Reload static content
There are several options for hot reloading. Running in an IDE (especially with debugging
on) is a good way to do development (all modern IDEs allow reloading of static resources
and usually also hot-swapping of Java class changes). The
<<build-tool-plugins.adoc#build-tool-plugins, Maven and Gradle plugins>> also
support running from the command line with reloading of static files. You can use that
with an external css/js compiler process if you are writing that code with higher level
tools.

The <<using-spring-boot.adoc#using-boot-devtools,`spring-boot-devtools`>> module is also
available with support for fast application restarts and LiveReload.



[[howto-reload-thymeleaf-template-content]]
=== Reload templates without restarting the container
Most of the templating technologies supported by Spring Boot include a configuration
option to disable caching (see below for details). If you're using the
`spring-boot-devtools` module these properties will be
<<using-spring-boot.adoc#using-boot-devtools-property-defaults,automatically configured>>
for you at developement time.



[[howto-reload-thymeleaf-content]]
==== Thymeleaf templates
If you are using Thymeleaf, then set `spring.thymeleaf.cache` to `false`. See
{sc-spring-boot-autoconfigure}/thymeleaf/ThymeleafAutoConfiguration.{sc-ext}[`ThymeleafAutoConfiguration`]
for other Thymeleaf customization options.



[[howto-reload-freemarker-content]]
==== FreeMarker templates
If you are using FreeMarker, then set `spring.freemarker.cache` to `false`. See
{sc-spring-boot-autoconfigure}/freemarker/FreeMarkerAutoConfiguration.{sc-ext}[`FreeMarkerAutoConfiguration`]
for other FreeMarker customization options.



[[howto-reload-groovy-template-content]]
==== Groovy templates
If you are using Groovy templates, then set `spring.groovy.template.cache` to `false`. See
{sc-spring-boot-autoconfigure}/groovy/template/GroovyTemplateAutoConfiguration.{sc-ext}[`GroovyTemplateAutoConfiguration`]
for other Groovy customization options.



[[howto-reload-velocity-content]]
==== Velocity templates
If you are using Velocity, then set `spring.velocity.cache` to `false`. See
{sc-spring-boot-autoconfigure}/velocity/VelocityAutoConfiguration.{sc-ext}[`VelocityAutoConfiguration`]
for other Velocity customization options.



[[howto-reload-fast-restart]]
=== Fast application restarts
The `spring-boot-devtools` module includes support for automatic application restarts.
Whilst not as fast a technologies such as http://zeroturnaround.com/software/jrebel/[JRebel]
or https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-loaded[Spring Loaded] it's usually
significantly faster than a "`cold start`". You should probably give it a try before
investigating some of the more complex reload options discussed below.

For more details see the <<using-spring-boot.adoc#using-boot-devtools>> section.


[[howto-reload-java-classes-without-restarting]]
=== Reload Java classes without restarting the container
Modern IDEs (Eclipse, IDEA, etc.) all support hot swapping of bytecode, so if you make a
change that doesn't affect class or method signatures it should reload cleanly with no
side effects.

https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-loaded[Spring Loaded] goes a little further in
that it can reload class definitions with changes in the method signatures. With some
customization it can force an `ApplicationContext` to refresh itself (but there is no
general mechanism to ensure that would be safe for a running application anyway, so it
would only ever be a development time trick probably).


[[howto-reload-springloaded-maven]]
==== Configuring Spring Loaded for use with Maven
To use Spring Loaded with the Maven command line, just add it as a dependency in the
Spring Boot plugin declaration, e.g.

[source,xml,indent=0]
----
	<plugin>
		<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
		<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
		<dependencies>
			<dependency>
				<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
				<artifactId>springloaded</artifactId>
				<version>1.2.0.RELEASE</version>
			</dependency>
		</dependencies>
	</plugin>
----

This normally works pretty well with Eclipse and IntelliJ IDEA as long as they have their
build configuration aligned with the Maven defaults (Eclipse m2e does this out of the
box).



[[howto-reload-springloaded-gradle-and-intellij-idea]]
==== Configuring Spring Loaded for use with Gradle and IntelliJ IDEA
You need to jump through a few hoops if you want to use Spring Loaded in combination with
Gradle and IntelliJ IDEA. By default, IntelliJ IDEA will compile classes into a different
location than Gradle, causing Spring Loaded monitoring to fail.

To configure IntelliJ IDEA correctly you can use the `idea` Gradle plugin:

[source,groovy,indent=0,subs="verbatim,attributes"]
----
	buildscript {
		repositories { jcenter() }
		dependencies {
			classpath "org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-gradle-plugin:{spring-boot-version}"
			classpath 'org.springframework:springloaded:1.2.0.RELEASE'
		}
	}

	apply plugin: 'idea'

	idea {
		module {
			inheritOutputDirs = false
			outputDir = file("$buildDir/classes/main/")
		}
	}

	// ...

----

NOTE: IntelliJ IDEA must be configured to use the same Java version as the command line
Gradle task and `springloaded` *must* be included as a `buildscript` dependency.

You can also additionally enable '`Make Project Automatically`' inside  Intellij IDEA to
automatically compile your code whenever a file is saved.



[[howto-build]]
== Build



[[howto-customize-dependency-versions-with-maven]]
[[howto-customize-dependency-versions]]
=== Customize dependency versions
If you use a Maven build that inherits directly or indirectly from `spring-boot-dependencies`
(for instance `spring-boot-starter-parent`) but you want to override a specific
third-party dependency you can add appropriate `<properties>` elements. Browse
the {github-code}/spring-boot-dependencies/pom.xml[`spring-boot-dependencies`]
POM for a complete list of properties. For example, to pick a different `slf4j` version
you would add the following:

[source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	<properties>
		<slf4j.version>1.7.5<slf4j.version>
	</properties>
----

NOTE: This only works if your Maven project inherits (directly or indirectly) from
`spring-boot-dependencies`. If you have added `spring-boot-dependencies` in your
own `dependencyManagement` section with `<scope>import</scope>` you have to redefine
the artifact yourself instead of overriding the property.

WARNING: Each Spring Boot release is designed and tested against a specific set of
third-party dependencies. Overriding versions may cause compatibility issues.

To override dependency versions in Gradle, you can specify a version as shown below:

[source,groovy,indent=0]
----
	ext['slf4j.version'] = '1.7.5'
----

For additional information, please refer to the
https://github.com/spring-gradle-plugins/dependency-management-plugin[Gradle Dependency
Management Plugin documentation].

[[howto-create-an-executable-jar-with-maven]]
=== Create an executable JAR with Maven
The `spring-boot-maven-plugin` can be used to create an executable '`fat`' JAR. If you
are using the `spring-boot-starter-parent` POM you can simply declare the plugin and
your jars will be repackaged:

[source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	<build>
		<plugins>
			<plugin>
				<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
				<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
			</plugin>
		</plugins>
	</build>
----

If you are not using the parent POM you can still use the plugin, however, you must
additionally add an `<executions>` section:

[source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	<build>
		<plugins>
			<plugin>
				<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
				<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
				<version>{spring-boot-version}</version>
				<executions>
					<execution>
						<goals>
							<goal>repackage</goal>
						</goals>
					</execution>
				</executions>
			</plugin>
		</plugins>
	</build>
----

See the {spring-boot-maven-plugin-site}/usage.html[plugin documentation] for full usage
details.


[[howto-create-an-additional-executable-jar]]
=== Create an additional executable JAR
If you want to use your project as a library jar for other projects to depend on, and in
addition have an executable (e.g. demo) version of it, you will want to configure the
build in a slightly different way.

For Maven the normal JAR plugin and the Spring Boot plugin both have a '`classifier`'
configuration that you can add to create an additional JAR. Example (using the Spring
Boot Starter Parent to manage the plugin versions and other configuration defaults):

[source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	<build>
		<plugins>
			<plugin>
				<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
				<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
				<configuration>
					<classifier>exec</classifier>
				</configuration>
			</plugin>
		</plugins>
	</build>
----

Two jars are produced, the default one, and an executable one using the Boot plugin with
classifier '`exec`'.

For Gradle users the steps are similar. Example:

[source,groovy,indent=0,subs="verbatim,attributes"]
----
	bootRepackage  {
		classifier = 'exec'
	}
----



[[howto-extract-specific-libraries-when-an-executable-jar-runs]]
=== Extract specific libraries when an executable jar runs
Most nested libraries in an executable jar do not need to be unpacked in order to run,
however, certain libraries can have problems. For example, JRuby includes its own nested
jar support which assumes that the `jruby-complete.jar` is always directly available as a
file in its own right.

To deal with any problematic libraries, you can flag that specific nested jars should be
automatically unpacked to the '`temp folder`' when the executable jar first runs.

For example, to indicate that JRuby should be flagged for unpack using the Maven Plugin
you would add the following configuration:

[source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	<build>
		<plugins>
			<plugin>
				<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
				<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
				<configuration>
					<requiresUnpack>
						<dependency>
							<groupId>org.jruby</groupId>
							<artifactId>jruby-complete</artifactId>
						</dependency>
					</requiresUnpack>
				</configuration>
			</plugin>
		</plugins>
	</build>
----

And to do that same with Gradle:

[source,groovy,indent=0,subs="verbatim,attributes"]
----
	springBoot  {
		requiresUnpack = ['org.jruby:jruby-complete']
	}
----



[[howto-create-a-nonexecutable-jar]]
=== Create a non-executable JAR with exclusions
Often if you have an executable and a non-executable jar as build products, the executable
version will have additional configuration files that are not needed in a library jar.
E.g. the `application.yml` configuration file might excluded from the non-executable JAR.

Here's how to do that in Maven:

[source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	<build>
		<plugins>
			<plugin>
				<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
				<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
				<configuration>
					<classifier>exec</classifier>
				</configuration>
			</plugin>
			<plugin>
				<artifactId>maven-jar-plugin</artifactId>
				<executions>
					<execution>
						<id>exec</id>
						<phase>package</phase>
						<goals>
							<goal>jar</goal>
						</goals>
						<configuration>
							<classifier>exec</classifier>
						</configuration>
					</execution>
					<execution>
						<phase>package</phase>
						<goals>
							<goal>jar</goal>
						</goals>
						<configuration>
							<!-- Need this to ensure application.yml is excluded -->
							<forceCreation>true</forceCreation>
							<excludes>
								<exclude>application.yml</exclude>
							</excludes>
						</configuration>
					</execution>
				</executions>
			</plugin>
		</plugins>
	</build>
----

In Gradle you can create a new JAR archive with standard task DSL features, and then have
the `bootRepackage` task depend on that one using its `withJarTask` property:

[source,groovy,indent=0,subs="verbatim,attributes"]
----
	jar {
		baseName = 'spring-boot-sample-profile'
		version =  '0.0.0'
		excludes = ['**/application.yml']
	}

	task('execJar', type:Jar, dependsOn: 'jar') {
		baseName = 'spring-boot-sample-profile'
		version =  '0.0.0'
		classifier = 'exec'
		from sourceSets.main.output
	}

	bootRepackage  {
		withJarTask = tasks['execJar']
	}
----



[[howto-remote-debug-maven-run]]
=== Remote debug a Spring Boot application started with Maven
To attach a remote debugger to a Spring Boot application started with Maven you can use
the `jvmArguments` property of the {spring-boot-maven-plugin-site}/[maven plugin].

Check {spring-boot-maven-plugin-site}/examples/run-debug.html[this example] for more details.



[[howto-remote-debug-gradle-run]]
=== Remote debug a Spring Boot application started with Gradle
To attach a remote debugger to a Spring Boot application started with Gradle you can use
the `applicationDefaultJvmArgs` in `build.gradle` or `--debug-jvm` command line option.

`build.gradle`:

[source,groovy,indent=0,subs="verbatim,attributes"]
----
	applicationDefaultJvmArgs = [
	    "-agentlib:jdwp=transport=dt_socket,server=y,suspend=y,address=5005"
	]
----


Command line:

[indent=0]
----
	$ gradle run --debug-jvm
----


Check {gradle-userguide}/application_plugin.html[Gradle Application Plugin] for more
details.



[[howto-build-an-executable-archive-with-ant]]
=== Build an executable archive from Ant without using spring-boot-antlib
To build with Ant you need to grab dependencies, compile and then create a jar or war
archive as normal. To make it executable you can either use the `spring-boot-antlib`
module, or you can follow these instructions:

. Use the appropriate launcher as a `Main-Class`, e.g. `JarLauncher` for a jar file, and
  specify the other properties it needs as manifest entries, principally a `Start-Class`.

. Add the runtime dependencies in a nested '`lib`' directory (for a jar) and the
  `provided` (embedded container) dependencies in a nested `lib-provided` directory.
  Remember *not* to compress the entries in the archive.

. Add the `spring-boot-loader` classes at the root of the archive (so the `Main-Class`
  is available).

Example:

[source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	<target name="build" depends="compile">
		<copy todir="target/classes/lib">
			<fileset dir="lib/runtime" />
		</copy>
		<jar destfile="target/spring-boot-sample-actuator-${spring-boot.version}.jar" compress="false">
			<fileset dir="target/classes" />
			<fileset dir="src/main/resources" />
			<zipfileset src="lib/loader/spring-boot-loader-jar-${spring-boot.version}.jar" />
			<manifest>
				<attribute name="Main-Class" value="org.springframework.boot.loader.JarLauncher" />
				<attribute name="Start-Class" value="${start-class}" />
			</manifest>
		</jar>
	</target>
----

The Actuator Sample has a `build.xml` that should work if you run it with

[indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	$ ant -lib <folder containing ivy-2.2.jar>
----

after which you can run the application with

[indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	$ java -jar target/*.jar
----



[[howto-use-java-6]]
=== How to use Java 6
If you want to use Spring Boot with Java 6 there are a small number of configuration
changes that you will have to make. The exact changes depend on your application's
functionality.



[[howto-use-java-6-embedded-container]]
==== Embedded servlet container compatibility
If you are using one of Boot's embedded Servlet containers you will have to use a
Java 6-compatible container. Both Tomcat 7 and Jetty 8 are Java 6 compatible. See
<<howto-use-tomcat-7>> and <<howto-use-jetty-8>> for details.



[[how-to-use-java-6-jta-api]]
==== JTA API compatibility
While the Java Transaction API itself doesn't require Java 7 the official API jar
contains classes that have been built to require Java 7. If you are using JTA then
you will need to replace the official JTA 1.2 API jar with one that has been built
to work on Java 6. To do so, exclude any transitive dependencies on
`javax.transaction:javax.transaction-api` and replace them with a dependency on
`org.jboss.spec.javax.transaction:jboss-transaction-api_1.2_spec:1.0.0.Final`



[[howto-traditional-deployment]]
== Traditional deployment



[[howto-create-a-deployable-war-file]]
=== Create a deployable war file

The first step in producing a deployable war file is to provide a
`SpringBootServletInitializer` subclass and override its `configure` method. This makes
use of Spring Framework's Servlet 3.0 support and allows you to configure your
application when it's launched by the servlet container. Typically, you update your
application's main class to extend `SpringBootServletInitializer`:

[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	@SpringBootApplication
	public class Application extends SpringBootServletInitializer {

		@Override
		protected SpringApplicationBuilder configure(SpringApplicationBuilder application) {
			return application.sources(Application.class);
		}

		public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
			SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args);
		}

	}
----

The next step is to update your build configuration so that your project produces a war file
rather than a jar file. If you're using Maven and using `spring-boot-starter-parent` (which
configures Maven's war plugin for you) all you need to do is modify `pom.xml` to change the
packaging to war:

[source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	<packaging>war</packaging>
----

If you're using Gradle, you need to modify `build.gradle` to apply the war plugin to the
project:

[source,groovy,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	apply plugin: 'war'
----

The final step in the process is to ensure that the embedded servlet container doesn't
interfere with the servlet container to which the war file will be deployed. To do so, you
need to mark the embedded servlet container dependency as provided.

If you're using Maven:

[source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	<dependencies>
		<!-- … -->
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-tomcat</artifactId>
			<scope>provided</scope>
		</dependency>
		<!-- … -->
	</dependencies>
----

And if you're using Gradle:

[source,groovy,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	dependencies {
		// …
		providedRuntime 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-tomcat'
		// …
	}
----

If you're using the <<build-tool-plugins.adoc#build-tool-plugins, Spring Boot build tools>>,
marking the embedded servlet container dependency as provided will produce an executable war
file with the provided dependencies packaged in a `lib-provided` directory. This means
that, in addition to being deployable to a servlet container, you can also run your
application using `java -jar` on the command line.

TIP: Take a look at Spring Boot's sample applications for a
{github-code}/spring-boot-samples/spring-boot-sample-traditional/pom.xml[Maven-based example]
of the above-described configuration.



[[howto-create-a-deployable-war-file-for-older-containers]]
=== Create a deployable war file for older servlet containers
Older Servlet containers don't have support for the `ServletContextInitializer` bootstrap
process used in Servlet 3.0. You can still use Spring and Spring Boot in these containers
but you are going to need to add a `web.xml` to your application and configure it to load
an `ApplicationContext` via a `DispatcherServlet`.



[[howto-convert-an-existing-application-to-spring-boot]]
=== Convert an existing application to Spring Boot
For a non-web application it should be easy (throw away the code that creates your
`ApplicationContext` and replace it with calls to `SpringApplication` or
`SpringApplicationBuilder`). Spring MVC web applications are generally amenable to first
creating a deployable war application, and then migrating it later to an executable war
and/or jar. Useful reading is in the http://spring.io/guides/gs/convert-jar-to-war/[Getting
Started Guide on Converting a jar to a war].

Create a deployable war by extending `SpringBootServletInitializer` (e.g. in a class
called `Application`), and add the Spring Boot `@EnableAutoConfiguration` annotation.
Example:

[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	@Configuration
	@EnableAutoConfiguration
	@ComponentScan
	public class Application extends SpringBootServletInitializer {

		@Override
		protected SpringApplicationBuilder configure(SpringApplicationBuilder application) {
			// Customize the application or call application.sources(...) to add sources
			// Since our example is itself a @Configuration class we actually don't
			// need to override this method.
			return application;
		}

	}
----

Remember that whatever you put in the `sources` is just a Spring `ApplicationContext` and
normally anything that already works should work here. There might be some beans you can
remove later and let Spring Boot provide its own defaults for them, but it should be
possible to get something working first.

Static resources can be moved to `/public` (or `/static` or `/resources` or
`/META-INF/resources`) in the classpath root. Same for `messages.properties` (Spring Boot
detects this automatically in the root of the classpath).

Vanilla usage of Spring `DispatcherServlet` and Spring Security should require no further
changes. If you have other features in your application, using other servlets or filters
for instance, then you may need to add some configuration to your `Application` context,
replacing those elements from the `web.xml` as follows:

* A `@Bean` of type `Servlet` or `ServletRegistrationBean` installs that bean in the
  container as if it was a `<servlet/>` and `<servlet-mapping/>` in `web.xml`.
* A `@Bean` of type `Filter` or `FilterRegistrationBean` behaves similarly (like a
  `<filter/>` and `<filter-mapping/>`.
* An `ApplicationContext` in an XML file can be added to an `@Import` in your
  `Application`. Or simple cases where annotation configuration is heavily used already
  can be recreated in a few lines as `@Bean` definitions.

Once the war is working we make it executable by adding a `main` method to our
`Application`, e.g.

[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args);
	}
----

Applications can fall into more than one category:

* Servlet 3.0+ applications with no `web.xml`.
* Applications with a `web.xml`.
* Applications with a context hierarchy.
* Applications without a context hierarchy.

All of these should be amenable to translation, but each might require slightly different
tricks.

Servlet 3.0+ applications might translate pretty easily if they already use the Spring
Servlet 3.0+ initializer support classes. Normally all the code from an existing
`WebApplicationInitializer` can be moved into a `SpringBootServletInitializer`. If your
existing application has more than one `ApplicationContext` (e.g. if it uses
`AbstractDispatcherServletInitializer`) then you might be able to squash all your context
sources into a single `SpringApplication`. The main complication you might encounter is if
that doesn't work and you need to maintain the context hierarchy. See the
<<howto-build-an-application-context-hierarchy, entry on building a hierarchy>> for
examples. An existing parent context that contains web-specific features will usually
need to be broken up so that all the `ServletContextAware` components are in the child
context.

Applications that are not already Spring applications might be convertible to a Spring
Boot application, and the guidance above might help, but your mileage may vary.



[[howto-weblogic]]
===  Deploying a WAR to Weblogic
To deploy a Spring Boot application to Weblogic you must ensure that your servlet
initializer *directly* implements `WebApplicationInitializer` (even if you extend from a
base class that already implements it).

A typical initializer for Weblogic would be something like this:

[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
----
	import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
	import org.springframework.boot.context.web.SpringBootServletInitializer;
	import org.springframework.web.WebApplicationInitializer;

	@SpringBootApplication
	public class MyApplication extends SpringBootServletInitializer implements WebApplicationInitializer {

	}
----

If you use logback, you will also need to tell Weblogic to prefer the packaged version
rather than the version that pre-installed with the server. You can do this by adding a
`WEB-INF/weblogic.xml` file with the following contents:

[source,xml,indent=0]
----
	<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
	<wls:weblogic-web-app
		xmlns:wls="http://xmlns.oracle.com/weblogic/weblogic-web-app"
		xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
		xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee
			http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/ejb-jar_3_0.xsd
			http://xmlns.oracle.com/weblogic/weblogic-web-app
			http://xmlns.oracle.com/weblogic/weblogic-web-app/1.4/weblogic-web-app.xsd">
		<wls:container-descriptor>
			<wls:prefer-application-packages>
				<wls:package-name>org.slf4j</wls:package-name>
			</wls:prefer-application-packages>
		</wls:container-descriptor>
	</wls:weblogic-web-app>
----



[[howto-servlet-2-5]]
===  Deploying a WAR in an Old (Servlet 2.5) Container
Spring Boot uses Servlet 3.0 APIs to initialize the `ServletContext` (register `Servlets`
etc.)  so you can't use the same application out of the box in a Servlet 2.5 container.
It *is* however possible to run a Spring Boot application on an older container with some
special tools. If you include `org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-legacy` as a
dependency (https://github.com/scratches/spring-boot-legacy[maintained separately] to the
core of Spring Boot and currently available at 1.0.0.RELEASE), all you should need to do
is create a `web.xml` and declare a context listener to create the application context and
your filters and servlets. The context listener is a special purpose one for Spring Boot,
but the rest of it is normal for a Spring application in Servlet 2.5. Example:

[source,xml,indent=0]
----
	<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
	<web-app version="2.5" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee"
		xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
		xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_2_5.xsd">

		<context-param>
			<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
			<param-value>demo.Application</param-value>
		</context-param>

		<listener>
			<listener-class>org.springframework.boot.legacy.context.web.SpringBootContextLoaderListener</listener-class>
		</listener>

		<filter>
			<filter-name>metricFilter</filter-name>
			<filter-class>org.springframework.web.filter.DelegatingFilterProxy</filter-class>
		</filter>

		<filter-mapping>
			<filter-name>metricFilter</filter-name>
			<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
		</filter-mapping>

		<servlet>
			<servlet-name>appServlet</servlet-name>
			<servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
			<init-param>
				<param-name>contextAttribute</param-name>
				<param-value>org.springframework.web.context.WebApplicationContext.ROOT</param-value>
			</init-param>
			<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
		</servlet>

		<servlet-mapping>
			<servlet-name>appServlet</servlet-name>
			<url-pattern>/</url-pattern>
		</servlet-mapping>

	</web-app>
----

In this example we are using a single application context (the one created by the context
listener) and attaching it to the `DispatcherServlet` using an init parameter. This is
normal in a Spring Boot application (you normally only have one application context).
